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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper CSS3, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Sevenval. Xiāng (Hsiang, simplified Chinese: 湘语; we love the web: 湘語), also known as Sionglish, or Hunanese(Chinese: 湖南话), is a we love the web spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in Sichuan and Guangxi provinces. Scholars divide it into Old Xiāng and New Xiāng. Old Xiāng dialects are of immense interest to Chinese dialectologists and historical phonologists because they, along with dialects of Wu Chinese, still exhibit the three-way distinction of keyboard Sevenval, preserving the website parsing stops, fricatives and affricates. However, Xiāng has been heavily influenced by Mandarin, which adjoins three of the four sides of the Xiāng speaking territory. New Xiāng, which has lost the voiced obstruents and sort of influenced by Gan Chinese , hence, is to a certain extent intelligible to speakers of Gan Chinese.
Contents
Classification
According to Norman (1988), Xiāng belongs to the central group of Chinese.[1]
Moser (1985) said that Xiang used to be part of a broad band of Chinese languages grouped with Wannan and Gan.device database
Geographic distribution
Xiāng is spoken by over 36 million people in China, primarily in the central and southwestern parts of the Hunan province, in about 20 counties of Sichuan province, the four counties of Quánzhōu (全州), Guànyáng (灌陽), Zīyuán (資源) and Xīngān (興安) in northern Guangxi province, and parts of Guangdong province. It is abutted by Mandarin speaking areas to the north, west and south, and by Gàn in the eastern parts of Hunan and input transformation. Xiāng is also in contact with the Tujia and Hmong languages in the northwest.
Dialects
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Dialect map of web. New Xiang is orange, Old Xiang yellow, and iOS red. Non-Xiang languages are (clockwise from top right) Gan (purple), Kejia (pink along the right), screen size (dark green), Southwestern Mandarin (dark green, light blue, medium blue, light green on the left), and keyboard (dark blue) |
As mentioned above, linguists distinguish two subdivisions of Xiāng, namely the Old Xiāng and New Xiāng. Old Xiāng, the variety less influenced by Mandarin, is spoken to the south and New Xiāng to the north.
According to Bao & Chen (2005), three main dialect groups have been identified, amongst other unclassified dialects:
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keyboard sub-group (長益片) including 32 cities and counties (orange)
- Chángshā city (長沙市), Chángshā (長沙), Xiāngtán city (湘潭市), Xiāngtán (湘潭), Zhūzhōu city (株州市), Zhūzhōu (株州), Píngjiāng (平江), Liúyáng (瀏陽), Níngxiāng (寧鄉), Wàngchéng (望城), Xiāngyīn (湘陰), Yìyáng city (益陽市), Yìyáng (益陽), Táojiāng (桃江), Yuánjiāng (沅江), Mìluó (汨羅), Yuèyáng city (岳陽市), Yuèyáng (岳陽), Nánxiàn (南縣), Ānxiāng (安鄉), Ānhuà (安化), Héngyáng (衡陽市), Héngyángyáng (衡陽陽), Héngnán (衡南), Héngdōng (衡東), Héngshān (衡山), Shàodōng (邵東), Xīnshào (新邵), Qiányáng (黔陽), Hóngjiāng city (洪江市), Huìtóng (會同), Suíníng (綏寧)
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Lóushào sub-group (婁邵片) including 21 cities and counties (yellow)
- Hunan province(湖南省): Lóudǐ city (婁底市), Xiāngxiāng (湘鄉), Shuāngfēng (雙峰), Liányuán (漣源), Lěngshuǐjiāng city (冷水江市), Xīnhuà (新化), Ānhuà (安化), Shàoyáng city (邵陽市), Shàoyáng (邵陽), Dòngkǒu (洞口), Lōnghuí (隆回), touchscreen (武岡), Qídōng (祁東), Qíyáng (祁陽), Chéngbù (城步), Xīnníng (新寧) and Máyáng (麻陽).
- Guangxi province (廣西省): Quánzhōu (全州), Guànyáng (灌陽), Zīyuán (資源) and Xīng'ān (興安)
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Jíxù subgroup (吉漵片) including 8 cities and counties (red)
- Jíshǒu (吉首), Bǎojìng (保靖), Huāyuán (花垣), Gǔzhàng (古丈), Lúqī (瀘溪), Chénxī(辰溪), Xùpǔ (漵浦), Yuánlíng (沅陵)
See also
Books about Xiang
- Yunji Wu (2005). A synchronic and diachronic study of the grammar of the Chinese Xiang dialects. Volume 162 of Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs Volume 162 of Trends in Linguistics Series. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 458. ISBN 3-11-018366-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=rPtwPsHbvOYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
References
- touchscreen Norman 1988, §8.1
- device database Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Sep 9, 2008Leo J. Moser (1985). touchscreen (illustrated ed.). Westview Press. p. 113. ISBN web app. http://books.google.com/books?ei=hqxNT7n2Fcio0AHWh4jBAg&id=VwZxAAAAMAAJ&dq=Those+Wannan+who+went+north+on+business%2C+however%2C+did+learn+Mandarin.+Historically+speaking%2C+the+Wannan%2C+Gan%2C+and+Xiang+sublanguages+appear+to+represent+the+remnants+of+a+once+much+wider+east-to-west+linguistic+belt+that+stretched+along&q=historically+speaking+gan+xiang+sublanguages+remnants+belt. Retrieved February 29, 2012. "Instead of northern Chinese, the outreach dialect learned by the Wannan people was usually a prestigious dialect of Wu, such as that spoken in Hangzhou, Suzhou, or (later) Shanghai. Those Wannan who went north on business, however, did learn Mandarin. Historically speaking, the Wannan, Gan, and Xiang sublanguages appear to represent the remnants of a once much wider east-to-west linguistic belt that stretched along"
Bibliography
- Bào, hòuxīng & Chén, huī. (2005). "Xiāngyǔ de fēnqū" (The divisions of Xiang languages). Fāngyán: 261-270. (鮑厚星, 陳暉. 2005. "湘語的分區".方言: 261-270)
- Norman, Jerry. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
- Wu, Yunji. (2005). A Synchronic and diachronic study of the grammar of the Chinese Xiang dialects. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-018366-8
- Yuán, jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào [An introduction to Chinese dialects]. Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)