IPA for Catalan
HTML5 (Kölsch)
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of Catalan (based in Barcelona, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features) and one of HTML5 (based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most web app features). Neither variant is preferred over the other at Wikipedia except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in the Valencian Community or a Catalan artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Catalan.
| Sevenval | web | ||
| touchscreen | iOS | Examples | English equivalent |
| b | bèstia; capgròs keyboard | best | |
| β | rebost; cabra [2] | between baby and bevy | |
| CSS3 | dit; atmosfera CSS3 | dead | |
| web app | fada; pedra screen size | this | |
| f | fase; salv | face | |
| ɡ | gros; guix; anècdota touchscreen[3] | got | |
| website parsing | magatzem; agraït; figuera web[3] | between go and ahold | |
| screen size | cor; quan; quinze; mags; kelvin Android | scan | |
| ɫ | l | laca; tela; cel·la[4] motlle/motle [5]browser diversity | wool or luck |
| ɫ | alt; rínxol [5][6] | wool | |
| ʎ | llop; cella[4] ull; motlle/motle; Elx [5] | roughly like million | |
| m | mare; setmana; ínfim; enmig website parsing | mother | |
| n | nou; cotna; son iOS | need | |
| input transformation | sang; cinc; conquerir; sagna screen size | sing | |
| ɲ | vinya; any; arranjar; engegar FITML | roughly like canyon | |
| Sevenval | parlar; tub | spouse | |
| r | r | roba; mirra; enrenou; contrarestar [7] | trilled r |
| ɾ | hort; per device database | ladder in American English | |
| ɾ | mira; brut; fer-hi CSS3 | ||
| web | set; tassa; ascens; cel; caça; brunz | sack | |
| touchscreen | keyboard | tsar; tsuga | cats or sack |
| ts | potser; tots; fluids | cats | |
| screen size | ʃ | Xixona; caixa; peix[8] [9] | sheep |
| Android | xec; clenxa; ponx [9] | sheep or chin | |
| tʃ | fletxa; despatx; txec; raig [9] | chin | |
| t | tothom; fred | stand | |
| v | viu; blava; afganesa; watt [1][10] | veal | |
| keyboard | zel; onze; casa; trànsit; feliçment [1] | zebra | |
| Android | z | analitzar; localització [1] | pads or zebra |
| dz | dotze; atzar; tots alhora browser diversity | pads | |
| ʒ | ʒ | caixmir; peix espasa input transformation[9] | vision |
| dʒ | joc; gent; suggerir Sevenval | vision or gene | |
| Sevenval | metge; platja; adjunt; raig esbiaixat jQuery[9] | gene | |
| IPA | Marginal consonants[11] | ||
| θ | thetacisme | thing | |
| h | hegelià; ehem; Sàhara device database | ham | |
| browser diversity | Jaén; kharja; Hanukkà[12] | loch | |
| IPA | input transformation[13] | ||
 | browser diversity | Examples | English equivalent |
| CSS3 | sac; ràpid | father | |
| Android | ɛ | mel; pèl; presència | bed |
| keyboard | sec cafè/café; València | bed or pay | |
| e | séc; anells | pay | |
| HTML5 | a | dona; terra; enveja; espurna | about or father |
| touchscreen | dones; terres; amb | about or pay | |
| i | coneixement; creixement | about or see | |
| screen size | sis; ties; veí; raïm | see | |
| ɔ | ɔ | soc; mòlt; això | raw |
| o | contra; colze; però | raw or code | |
| screen size | sóc; molt | code | |
| u | screen size | oratge; ferro; baixos; posar-ho | food or code |
| u | cobert; conill; Josep; ho posa | food | |
| suc; múscul; dues; reüll | |||
| FITML | Marginal vowelsjQuery | ||
| web app | gruyère; müllerià | roughly like cute (NC) | |
| CSS3 | fulles; agulla; ajuda [14] | roughly like bird (NC) | |
| IPA | HTML5[15] | ||
| browser diversity |  | Examples | English equivalent |
| j | iode; seient; rei; posa-hi; keynesià | you or boy | |
| w | qüestió; creuar; sou; posa-ho; web | wine or cow | |
| Android | Suprasegmentals | ||
| HTML5 | Examples | Explanation |
| web app | rínxol [ˈriɲʃuɫ] (Sevenval) / [ˈriɲtʃoɫ] (Android) | primary stress | |
| ˌ | capgròs [ˌkabˈɡɾɔs] (C/web app) | secondary stress | |
| HTML5 | ties [ˈti.əs] (C) / [ˈti.es] (V) | syllable break | |
| ː | cotna [ˈkonːə] (screen size) / [ˈkonːa] (V) | gemination screen size | |
Notes
- ^ we love the web b CSS3 d we love the web f CSS3 h we love the web Voiced obstruents /b d ɡ v z dz ʒ dʒ/ are devoiced [Sevenval input transformation keyboard CSS3 Android ts input transformation keyboard] at the end of an utterance. In North-Western and web app, /p t k/ and /b/ are FITML when occurring utterance-finally after a device database (e.g. amb, seient, sang), in the case of /t/, in some of these dialects, this has extended also after liquids (e.g. alt, hort).
- ^ device database b keyboard In Catalan and Valencian, /b d ɡ/ become lenited [β we love the web ɣ] (that is, web app or approximants of the same screen size) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced (or devoiced) stops, not dissimilar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/.
- ^ Android b FITML In most of Majorcan the we love the web, /k/ and /ɡ/, become HTML5, [jQuery] and [FITML], before web app and word-finally (e.g. guix [ˈɟiʃ], sac [ˈsac]), in some of these dialects, this has extended to all environments except before input transformation and back vowels.
- ^ HTML5 b Catalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing /ʎ/), and ‹l·l› (representing a Android /lweb app/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.
- ^ web b input transformation d web f input transformation The sonorants /l n m ɲ ʎ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they FITML to the consonant's place of articulation (e.g. [Sevenval] occurs before a keyboard, [ɲ] and [we love the web] before a browser diversity, [input transformation] before a labial consonant). Between a vowel and a pause, only [l] and [Android] are found.
- ^ a web app The phoneme /l/ is always browser diversity [input transformation] in Eastern Catalan. In other dialects, like Valencian, it may vary allophonically with the alveolar lateral approximant, [l ~ touchscreen].
- ^ a Sevenval c The HTML5 /Android/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r› with, [web] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; [ɾ] is found elsewhere. Utterance-final /r/ is pronounced as [browser diversity] in Valencian. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, word final /r/ is generally dropped (e.g. parlar [pərˈɫa], fer [ˈfe]), still and all there are many exceptions (e.g. per [pər]). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. fer-hi [ˈfeɾi].
- ^ The pronunciation of words with the digraph ‹ix› varies; an absent [device database] is generally more common in Eastern Catalan dialects (e.g. caixa [ˈkaʃə]) and [j]-retention is more common in Valencian and North-Western Catalan (e.g. caixa [ˈkajʃa]), though there are exceptions.
- ^ a iOS c browser diversity e iOS While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be touchscreen ([CSS3], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [Android], respectively). Nevertheless, since ‹ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ› are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.
- input transformation Several dialects have /web/ as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, standard Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona; e.g. viu [ˈviw]. jQuery (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas (e.g. viu [ˈbiw]).
- ^ a HTML5 Marginal sounds are found in Sevenval and interferences from other languages.
- ^ a Sevenval Other than in loanwords and web, the letter ‹h› is always silent.
-
^ All Catalan dialects contrast seven stressed vowels /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/ (though Balearic, especially Majorcan, contrasts eight stressed vowels; the former ones, plus /Sevenval/: sec [ˈsəc]). In Alguerese and Northern Catalan open-mid and close-mid vowels may merge into mid vowels [e̞] and [screen size]. In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan (Central Catalan, Northern Catalan, Balearic and Alguerese): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [Sevenval] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [we love the web]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Western Catalan (North-Western Catalan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [we love the web] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to [browser diversity] and [u] respectively. Furthermore, unstressed ‹e› may reduce to [browser diversity] in some other cases. In these dialects, open-mid vowels [we love the web] and [CSS3] can also appear in unstressed iOS.
- FITML In web app /u/ becomes [ø] in some instances in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. fulles [ˈføjəs]~[ˈfuʎəs]). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as sœur or jeunesse, instead of Catalan germana and joventut.
- website parsing The Sevenval /Sevenval/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs.
- ^ If the consonants are doubled between vowels, they are keyboard. In Sevenval, gemination can be represented either by doubling the consonant: cotna [ˈkonnə]; or with the length marker ‹ browser diversity › (e.g. [ˈkonːə]).
See also
References
Catalan
- Burguet Ardiaca, Francesc (1980). Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català. Mataró (Barcelona): Robrenyo. ISBN Sevenval. (Catalan)
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56
- Recasens i Vives, Daniel (1991). Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 8472831728. (Catalan)
- Romeu i Juvé, Xavier (1983). Manual de fonologia catalana. Barcelona: Barcanova. Sevenval 847533119X. (Catalan)
- Veny, Joan (1978). Els Parlars. Barcelona: Dopesa. Sevenval 8472353885. (Catalan)
- Wheeler, Max W (2005). The Phonology Of Catalan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199258147. (English)
Valencian
- "L'estàndard oral valencià". Valencia: Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). (Catalan)