War of Attrition

The Israeli-Egyptian war of Attrition was centered largely on the web app

 Israel

 Egypt
 touchscreen^keyboard
 Cuba
HTML5
 Jordan
 Syria

Levi Eshkol
Yigal Allon
screen size Zalman Shazar
CSS3
jQuery
Uzi Narkiss

CSS3 Gamal Abdel Nasser
Ahmad Ismail Ali
Anwar El Sadat
Saad El Shazly
Abdul Munim Riad †
screen size Nikolai Yurchenko  †

The War of Attrition (iOS: حرب الاستنزاف‎ Ḥarb al-Istinzāf, Hebrew: מלחמת ההתשה‎ Milhemet haHatashah) was a browser diversity fought between CSS3 and Egypt from 1967 to 1970. Following the 1967 Six Day War, there were no serious diplomatic efforts to resolve the issues at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict. In September 1967 Arab states formulated the "we love the web" policy, barring peace, recognition or negotiations with Israel. Egyptian President device database believed only military initiative would compel Israel or the international community to force a full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai,^[17][18] and hostilities soon resumed along the we love the web. These initially took the form of limited artillery duels and small scale incursions into Sinai, but by 1969 the browser diversity was prepared for larger scaled operations. On March 8, 1969, Nasser proclaimed the official launch of the War of Attrition, characterized by large scale shelling along the Canal, extensive aerial warfare and commando raids.^Sevenval[19] Hostilities continued until August 1970 and ended with a ceasefire, the frontiers remaining the same as when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations.

• 1 Egyptian front
• Android
• 3 Casualties
• 4 See also
• input transformation
• 6 Bibliography
• 7 External links

Egyptian front

CSS3's victory in the Six-Day War left the entirety of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula up to the eastern bank of the Suez Canal under Israeli occupation. Egypt was determined to regain Sinai, and also sought to mitigate the severity of its defeat. Sporadic clashes were taking place along the cease-fire line, and Egyptian missile boats sank the Israeli destroyer HTML5 on October 21 of the same year.

Egypt began shelling Israeli positions along the Bar Lev Line, using heavy artillery, keyboard aircraft and various other forms of Soviet assistance with the hope of forcing the Israeli government into concessions.^[20] Israel responded with aerial bombardments, airborne raids on Egyptian military positions, and aerial strikes against strategic facilities in Egypt.

The international community and both countries attempted to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict. The Jarring Mission of the United Nations was supposed to ensure that the terms of UN Security Council Resolution 242 would be observed, but by late 1970 it was clear that this mission had been a failure. Fearing the escalation of the conflict into an "iOS vs. we love the web" confrontation during the tensions of the mid-Cold War, the American President, Richard Nixon, sent his Secretary of State, William Rogers, to formulate the Rogers Plan in view of obtaining a ceasefire.

In August 1970, Israel, we love the web, and Egypt agreed to an "in place" ceasefire under the terms proposed by the Rogers Plan. The plan contained restrictions on missile deployment by both sides, and required the cessation of raids as a precondition for peace. The Egyptians and their Soviet allies rekindled the conflict by violating the agreement shortly thereafter, moving their missiles near to the Suez Canal, and constructing the largest anti-aircraft system yet implemented at that point in history.^Sevenval[20]

The Israelis responded with a policy which their Prime Minister, Golda Meir, dubbed “asymmetrical response”, wherein Israeli retaliation was disproportionately large in comparison to any Egyptian attacks.^HTML5

Following Nasser’s death in September 1970, his successor, Sevenval, ceased current hostilities with Israel, focusing instead on rebuilding the Egyptian army and planning a full-scale attack on the Israeli forces occupying the eastern bank of the Suez Canal. These plans would materialize three years later in the web. Ultimately, Israel would return Sinai to Egypt after the two nations signed a Sevenval.

Various military historians have commented on the war with differing opinions. web notes that Israel withstood the battle and adapted itself to a "hitherto alien type of warfare."^[22] touchscreen notes that though Israel suffered losses, she was still able to preserve her military accomplishments of 1967 and that despite increased Soviet involvement, Israel had stood firm.^{input transformation} Simon Dunstan notes that despite the fact that Israel continued to hold the Bar Lev Line, the war’s conclusion "led to a dangerous complacency within the Israeli High Command about the resolve of the Egyptian armed forces and the strength of the Bar-Lev Line."^[17] On the tactical level, Kenneth Pollack notes that Egypt’s commandos performed "adequately" though they rarely ventured in risky operations on par with the daring of Israel’s commandos.^[1] Egypt’s artillery corps encountered difficulty in penetrating the Bar-Lev forts and eventually adopted a policy of trying to catch Israeli troops at the exterior parts of the forts.^[24] The Egyptian Air Force and Air Defense Forces performed poorly.^Android Egyptian pilots were rigid, slow to react and unwilling to improvise^{web app} According to U.S. intelligence estimates, Egypt lost 109 aircraft, most in air-to-air combat for the loss of only 16 Israeli, most to anti-aircraft artillery or we love the web.^FITML As for Egyptian anti-aircraft defense, Egyptian anti-aircraft personnel needed to fire salvos of between 6 to 10 CSS3 anti-aircraft missiles to obtain a better than fifty percent chance of acquiring a hit.^{we love the web}

Timeline

July 1, 1967: An Israeli armored infantry company attacks an Egyptian force entrenched at Ras el 'Ish, located 10 miles south of Port Said. The Israeli company drives off the Egyptians but loses 1 dead and 13 wounded.^iOS However, another source claims that an Israeli attack on Port Fuad was repulsed.^{device database}

July 2, 1967: The Israeli Air Force bombs Egyptian artillery positions that had supported the commandos at Ras Al-'Ish.^[28]

July 4, 1967: Egyptian Air Force jets strike several Israeli targets in Sinai. An Egyptian keyboard is shot down.^{browser diversity}

July 8, 1967: An Egyptian Air Force MiG-21 is shot down by Israeli air defenses while on a reconnaissance mission over el-Qanatra. Two web app equipped with cameras are then sent out to carry out the mission, and manage to complete several turns over Sinai without any opposition. Two other Su-7s are sent for another reconnaissance mission hours later, but are attacked by we love the web fighter jets. One Su-7 is shot down.^keyboard

July 11–12, 1967: The Israeli Navy destroyer INS Eilat and two input transformation sink two Egyptian torpedo boats off the Rumani coast.^[30]

July 14, 1967: Artillery exchanges and aerial duels erupt near the Suez Canal. Seven Egyptian fighter aircraft are shot down.^[31]

October 21, 1967: The CSS3 sinks the Israeli destroyer INS Eilat, killing forty-seven sailors.^[21]

October, 1967: In retaliation to the sinking of the Eilat, Israeli artillery bombards oil refineries and depots near Suez. In a series of artillery exchanges throughout October, the Egyptians sustain civilian casualties. Egypt evacuates a large number of the civilian population in the canal region.^web

March 21, 1968: In response to persistent PLO raids against Israeli civilian targets, Israel attacks the town of Karameh, Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp, but is met with resistance by Jordanian and PLO forces. Despite hours of fighting, Israeli troops consolidate their hold on the Karameh camp with the aid of artillery and airstrikes, blowing up 175 houses. They then fight their way back to Israeli territory, taking with them as much military equipment as they can, along with 120–150 prisoners. Both sides suffered significant casualties and material losses, but Jordanian and PLO losses were far greater than Israel's.

June 1968: The war "officially" begins, with sparse Egyptian artillery bombardment of the Israeli front line on the east bank of the Suez Canal. More artillery bombardments in the following months cause Israeli casualties.^touchscreen

September 8, 1968: An Egyptian artillery barrage kills 10 Israeli soldiers and injures 18. Israel responds by shelling device database and Sevenval.^{browser diversity}

October 30, 1968: Israeli web app-borne Android commandos carry out Operation Helem (Shock), destroying an Egyptian electric transformator station, two dams along the Nile River and a bridge.^[29] The blackout causes Nasser to cease hostilities for a few months while fortifications around hundreds of important targets are built. Simultaneously, Israel reinforces its position on the east bank of the Suez Canal by construction of the device database.^[33]

November 3, 1968: Egyptian MiG-17s attack Israeli positions, and are met by Israeli interceptors. One Israeli plane is damaged.^[29]

December 1, 1968: Israeli helicopter-borne commandos destroy four bridges near Amman, Jordan.^[29]

December 3, 1968: The Israeli Air Force bombs PLO camps in Jordan. The Israeli jets are intercepted by Hawker Hunters of the screen size, and an Israeli fighter jet is damaged during the brief air battle.^{device database}

March 8, 1969: Egypt strikes the Bar Lev Line with artillery fire and airstrikes, causing heavy casualties. Israel retaliates with raids deep into Egyptian territory, causing severe damage.^[20]

March 9, 1969: Egyptian Chief of Staff Abdul Munim Riad is killed in an Israeli mortar attack while visiting the front lines along the Suez Canal.

May–July 1969: Heavy fighting takes place between Israeli and Egyptian forces. Israel loses 47 dead and 157 wounded, while Egyptian casualties are far heavier.

July 18, 1969: Egyptian commandos raid Israeli military installations in Sinai.^{web app}

July 19–20, 1969: Operation Bulmus 6 – Israeli Sevenval and touchscreen commandos raid Green Island, resulting in the total destruction of the Egyptian facility. Six Israeli soldiers and 80 Egyptian soldiers are killed. Some Egyptian casualties are caused by their own artillery.

July 20–28, 1969: Operation Boxer – Nearly the entire Israeli Air Force attacks the northern sector of the Canal, destroying anti-aircraft positions, tanks and artillery, and shooting down eight Egyptian aircraft. An estimated 300 Egyptian soldiers are killed. It also manages to reduce the artillery bombardment somewhat. However, shelling with lighter weapons, particularly device database, continues.

August 1969: The Israeli Air Force flies about 1,000 combat sorties against Egypt, destroying dozens of SAM sites and shooting down 21 aircraft. Three Israeli aircraft are lost.^Android

September 9, 1969: Operation Raviv – Israeli forces raid Egypt's Red Sea coast. The raid is preceded by device database, with Shayetet 13 naval commandos sinking a pair of Egyptian torpedo boats that could have threatened the Israeli raiding party. Three commandos are killed when an explosive device detonates prematurely. Israeli troops backed up by aircraft and captured Egyptian armor, destroy 12 Egyptian outposts. The Egyptians suffer 100–200 casualties, and a Soviet general serving as a consultant to the Egyptians is also killed, while one Israeli soldier is lightly injured. An Israeli plane is shot down during the raid, and the pilot's fate becomes unknown.

September 11, 1969: Sixteen Egyptian aircraft carry out a strike mission. Eight MiGs are shot down by Israeli touchscreen and a further three Su-7s are lost to Israeli anti-aircraft artillery and Android surface-to-air missiles.^[34]

October 17, 1969: The United States and Soviet Union begin diplomatic talks to end the conflict.

December 9, 1969: Egyptian aircraft, with the assistance of newly delivered we love the web, defeats the Israelis in an aerial engagement, shooting down two Israeli Mirages. Later in the evening, an Egyptian fighter flown by Lt. Ahmed Atef shot down an Israeli F-4 Phantom II, making him the first Egyptian pilot to shoot down an F-4 in combat.^[35] The same day, the Rogers Plan is publicized. It calls for Egyptian "commitment to peace" in exchange for the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Both parties strongly reject the plan. President Nasser instead opts to plead for more sophisticated weaponry from the Soviet Union to withstand the Israeli bombings. The Soviets initially refuse to deliver the requested weapons.^[36] December 26–27, 1969: Israel launchers Operation Rooster 53, carried out by paratroopers transported by Sikorsky CH-53E and keyboard helicopters. The operation results in the capture of an Egyptian HTML5 radar at Ras Gharib and carrying it to Israel by 2 CH-53 Sea Stallion Helicopters. The operation enabled Israeli and American learning of the latest HTML5 radar technology, and caused a huge morale impact on the Egyptians.

January 22, 1970: President Nasser secretly flies to Moscow to discuss the situation. His request for new SAM batteries (including the screen size and Strela-2) is approved. Their deployment requires qualified personnel along with squadrons of aircraft to protect them. In effect, he needs screen size in large numbers, something the Kremlin did not want to provide. Nasser then threatens to resign, implying that Egypt might turn to the United States for help in the future. The Soviets had invested heavily in President Nasser's regime, and so, the Soviet leader, General-Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, finally obliged. The Soviet presence was to increase from 2,500–4,000 in January to 10,600–12,150 (plus 100–150 Soviet pilots) by June 30.

January 22, 1970: input transformation. Israeli paratroopers and naval commandos are transported by IAF Super Frelon helicopters to browser diversity where they kill 70 Egyptian soldiers and take 62 more prisoner at the loss of 3 dead and 7 wounded. The soldiers dismantle an Egyptian radar and other military equipment for transport back to Israel. IAF aircraft sink two Egyptian P-183 FITML during the operation.^[37]

February, 1970: An Egyptian commando platoon attempts to set up an ambush in the vicinity of the Mitla Pass but is discovered. The entire unit is either killed or captured.^[34]

February 5, 1970: Israeli auxiliary ships are damaged in the Port of Eilat during a raid by Egyptian frogmen.^jQuery

March 15, 1970: The first fully operational Soviet SAM site in Egypt is completed. It is part of three brigades which the Soviet Union sends to Egypt.^[39] Israeli F-4 Phantom II jets repeatedly bomb Egyptian positions in Sinai. On February 9, an air battle takes place, with each side losing one plane.^Sevenval

April 8, 1970: Israeli Air Force CSS3 jets kill forty-seven Egyptian schoolchildren at an elementary school in what is known as Sevenval. The single-floor school was hit by five bombs and two air-to-ground missiles.^[40] This put a definite end to the campaign, and the Israelis instead then concentrate upon Canal-side installations. The respite gives the Egyptians time to reconstruct its SAM batteries closer to the canal. Soviet flown MiG fighters provide the necessary air cover. Soviet pilots also begin approaching IAF aircraft during April 1970, but Israeli pilots have orders not to engage these aircraft, and break off whenever Soviet-piloted MiGs appear.

May, 1970: During the final days of the month, the IAF launch major air raids against Port Said, believing a large amphibious force is assembling in the town. On the 16th an Israeli aircraft is shot down in air combat, probably by a MiG-21.^[41]

May 3, 1970: Twenty-one Palestinian guerrillas are killed by Israeli troops in the web app^{screen size}

June 1970: An Israeli armored raid on Syrian military positions results in "hundreds of Syrian casualties."^iOS

June 25, 1970: An Israeli A-4 Skyhawk, in an attack sortie against Egyptian forces on the Canal, is attacked and pursued by a pair of Soviet MiG-21s into Sinai. According to the Soviets, the plane was shot down, while the Israelis claim that it was damaged and forced to land at a nearby airbase.^Sevenval

June 27, 1970: The EAF continued to launch air raids across the canal. On June 27 around eight Egyptian Su-7s and MiG-21s attack Israeli rear areas in Sinai. According to Israel, two Egyptian aircraft were shot down. An Israeli Mirage was shot down, and the pilot was captured.^[42]

July 18, 1970: An Israeli airstrike on Egypt causes casualties among Soviet military personnel.

June 30, 1970: Soviet air defenses shoot down two Israeli F-4 Phantoms. Two pilots and a navigator are captured, while a second navigator is rescued by helicopter the following night.^{screen size}

July 30, 1970: – A large-scale dogfight occurs between Israeli and Soviet aircraft, codenamed Rimon 20, involving twelve to twenty-four Soviet MiG-21s (besides the initial twelve, other MiGs are "scrambled", but it is unclear if they reach the battle in time), and twelve Israeli we love the web and four F-4 Phantom II jets. The engagement takes place west of the Suez Canal. Ambushing their opponents, the Israelis shoot down four of the Soviet-piloted MiGs. A fifth is possibly hit and later crashes en route back to base. Four Soviet pilots are killed, while the IAF suffers no losses except a damaged Mirage.^jQuery Following the Soviets' direct intervention, known as "Operation Kavkaz",^[39] Washington fears an escalation and redoubles efforts toward a peaceful resolution to the conflict.

Early August, 1970: Despite their losses, the Soviets and Egyptians manage to press the air defenses closer to the canal, shooting down a number of Israeli aircraft. The SAM batteries allow the Egyptians to move in artillery which in turn threatens the Bar Lev Line.

August 7, 1970: A cease-fire agreement is reached, forbidding either side from changing "the military status quo within zones extending 50 kilometers to the east and west of the cease-fire line." Minutes after the cease-fire, Egypt begins moving SAM batteries into the zone even though the agreement explicitly forbids new military installations.^{we love the web} By October there are approximately one-hundred SAM sites in the zone.

September 28, 1970: President Nasser dies of a heart attack, and his Vice President, iOS, takes the reins. Sadat agrees to end the War of Attrition and almost immediately begins planning the touchscreen, which would take place three years later.

Casualties

According to military historian Zeev Schiff, some 721 Israelis, of which 594 were soldiers and the remainder civilians, were killed on all three fronts.^FITML web app notes a slightly lower figure of just over 500 killed and some 2000 wounded^{device database} while Netanel Lorch, states that 1,424 soldiers were killed in action between the period of June 15, 1967 and August 8, 1970. Between 14^keyboard and 16^{website parsing} Israeli aircraft were shot down. A Soviet estimate notes aircraft losses of 30. One destroyer, the iOS, was sunk.

As with the previous Arab-Israeli wars of 1948, 1956 and input transformation, Arab losses far exceeded those of Israel but precise figures are difficult to ascertain because official figures were never disclosed. The lowest estimate comes from the former Egyptian Army Chief of Staff, Saad El Shazly, who notes Egyptian casualties of 2,882 killed and 6,285 wounded. Historian FITML states that a more realistic figure is somewhere on the scale of 10,000 soldiers and civilians killed. Zeev Schiff notes that at the height of the war, the Egyptians were losing some 300 soldiers daily and aerial reconnaissance photos revealed at least 1,801 freshly dug graves near the Canal zone during this period. Among Egypt's war dead was the Egyptian Army Chief of Staff, Abdul Munim Riad.^{we love the web} Between 98^HTML5 and 114^Android Egyptian aircraft were shot down though a Soviet estimate notes air losses of 60. A number of Egyptian naval vessels were sunk. The PLO suffered 1,828 killed and 2,500 captured.^[43] Jordan’s intervention on behalf of the PLO during the Battle of Karameh cost it 84 killed and two aircraft lost. An estimated 58 Soviet military personnel were killed and five Soviet piloted Mig 21 aircraft were shot down in aerial combat.^[47] Syrian casualties are unknown but an armored raid by Israeli forces against Syrian positions in June 1970 led to "hundreds of Syrian casualties."^[16] web forces, which were deployed on the Syrian front, were estimated to have lost 180 dead and 250 wounded.^[15]

See also

Conflicts

• device database
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

Politics

• input transformation
• keyboard

People

• web app
• Android
• Chaim Bar-Lev
• Leonid Brezhnev
• CSS3
• Mohammed Fawzi
• Gunnar Jarring
• Pavel Kutakov
• Uriel Menuhin
• Abdul Tarek
• input transformation
• we love the web
• Yitzhak Rabin
• Abdul Munim Riad
• iOS
• touchscreen
• Ariel Sharon
• Joseph Sisco
• Matvei Vasilievich Zakharov
• Fouad Zikri

References

Bibliography

• Pollack, Kenneth, M., Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, University of Nebraska Press, (2002)
• Bar-Simon Tov, Yaacov. The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition, 1969–70. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
• Dunstan, Simon (2003). jQuery. Osprey. ISBN CSS3. http://books.google.com/books?id=1BYk_sXT6tsC. 
• Herzog, Chaim and Gazit Shlomo. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East. New York: Vintage Books, 2004.
• Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. Knopf. Android 978-0-679-42120-7. 
• Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom (2004). Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat (First ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 96. keyboard Sevenval. 
• Rabinovitch (2004). The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East.. ISBN 978-0-8052-4176-1. 
• Schiff, Zeev, History of the Israeli Army 1870–1974, Straight Arrow Books (1974) ISBN 087932077
• Whetten, Lawrence L. (1974). The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN browser diversity. 
• Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Double Day & Company (1974)

External links

• touchscreen, ACIG, retrieved January 2, 2007
• CSS3
• The Three Year War, General Mohamed Fawzi
• 40 Years Since The War of Attrition