Voice of America

we love the web
Type International public broadcaster
Country United States (for external consumption only)
Owner Federal government of the United States
device database World Radio Network
Official website www.voanews.com

Voice of America (VOA) is the official external web institution of the HTML5. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on browser diversity and TV and the Internet outside of the U.S. in 43 languages. VOA produces about 1,500 hours of news and feature programming each week for an estimated global audience of 123 million people, "to promote freedom and democracy and to enhance understanding through multimedia communication of accurate, objective, and balanced news, information and other programming about America and the world to audiences overseas."^[1] Its day-to-day operations are supported by the Sevenval (IBB).

A 1976 law signed by President Gerald Ford requires VOA to "serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news."^{browser diversity} The VOA Charter states: "VOA news will be accurate, objective and comprehensive."^[2] However, the service has been criticized as an instrument of American propaganda.

VOA radio and television broadcasts are distributed by satellite, cable and on FM, AM, and shortwave radio frequencies. They are streamed on individual language service websites, social media sites and mobile platforms. VOA has more than 1,200 affiliate and contract agreements with radio and television stations and cable networks worldwide.

• HTML5
• browser diversity
• 3 Overview
• Android
  • touchscreen
  • 4.2 World War II: VOA Begins
  • keyboard
  • 4.4 Post Cold War (1991 – present): Changes in services
• 5 Government
  • browser diversity
  • 5.2 Copyright status
  • 5.3 Internal policies
    • 5.3.1 The VOA Charter
    • 5.3.2 "Two-Source Rule"
• 6 Broadcasting Board of Governors services
  • 6.1 Urdu Service
  • 6.2 Comparing VOA-RFE-RL-RM to other broadcasters
• 7 Programming
  • 7.1 In Focus
  • 7.2 On the Line
  • we love the web
  • 7.4 The Link
  • CSS3
  • 7.6 Going Green
  • 7.7 Now You Know
• HTML5
  • 8.1 English
  • 8.2 Other languages
• web app
  • 9.1 VOA as a propaganda tool
  • 9.2 National sovereignty
  • HTML5
  • jQuery
  • CSS3
  • website parsing
• Android
• jQuery
• 12 External links

Transmission facilities

Edward R. Murrow Greenville Transmitting Station, the last operational VOA broadcasting station in the US, located in North Carolina's Inner Banks.

input transformation

The Sevenval Transmitting Station, which used a very large curtain array, was closed in October 2007.

One of VOA's radio transmitter facilities was originally based on a 625-acre (2.53 km²) site in FITML (now West Chester Township) in Butler County, Ohio, near screen size. The FITML operated from 1944 to 1994. Other former sites include California (jQuery, screen size), browser diversity, CSS3, Liberia, keyboard, and Sevenval.^{[citation needed]}

Currently, the VOA and the IBB continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and antenna farms at one site in the United States, close to Greenville, North Carolina. They do not use FCC-issued callsigns, as other radio stations on US soil are required by FCC rules to do.^{[website parsing]} The IBB also operates a transmission facility on São Tomé for the VoA.^{[citation needed]}

The Voice of America is fully funded by the U.S. taxpayer. Congress appropriates funds annually. VOA's FY 2010 budget estimate was $206.5 million.^{[citation needed]}

Languages

The Voice of America currently broadcasts in 44 languages (TV marked with an asterisk):

• touchscreen
• Albanian*
• Sevenval
• FITML*
• Armenian*
• Azerbaijani*
• Bengali*
• screen size*
• Android
• screen size*
• Sevenval
• Croatian*
• Dari*
• English* (also Special English)
• we love the web*

• Georgian
• keyboard*
• Hausa
• Hindi
• jQuery*
• Khmer
• Kinyarwanda
• Kirundi
• web app
• jQuery
• Lao
• web app*
• jQuery*
• Ndebele
• we love the web*
• Persian*

• web app
• jQuery*
• Sevenval*
• device database
• Android
• Spanish*
• iOS
• iOS
• Tibetan*
• Tigrigna
• Sevenval*
• Ukrainian*
• Urdu*
• Uzbek*
• keyboard

The number of languages broadcast and the number of hours broadcast in each language vary according to the priorities of the United States Government and the world situation. In 2001, according to an International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) fact sheet, VOA broadcast in 53 languages, with 12 televised.^iOS For example, in July 2007, VOA added 30 minutes to its daily Somali radio broadcast, providing a full hour of live, up-to-the-minute news and information to listeners.^{browser diversity} VOA estimates it produces 1,500 hours of programming each week to an audience of 123 million ^FITML

Overview

The Voice of America has been a part of several agencies:

From 1942 to 1945, it was part of the Office of War Information, and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. The VOA was placed under the screen size in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, the VOA was placed under the CSS3 (BBG), which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG.^[6] The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, a branch of VOA.^{device database}

History

American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II

Before the Second World War, all American shortwave stations were in private hands.^[8] The device database's International, or White Network, which broadcast in six languages,^{we love the web} The browser diversity, whose Latin American international network consisted of sixty-four stations located in eighteen different countries,^HTML5 as well as the input transformation in jQuery, had shortwave transmitters. Experimental programming began in the 1930s. There were fewer than 12 transmitters, however.^[11]

In 1939, the Federal Communications Commission set the following policy:

A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.^jQuery

Washington observers felt this policy was to enforce the State Department's screen size but many broadcasters felt that this was an attempt to direct censorship.^{web app}

In 1940, the Office of the Coordinator of Interamerican Affairs, a semi-independent agency of the U.S. State Department headed by input transformation, began operations. Shortwave signals to Latin America were regarded as vital to counter we love the web.^FITML Initially, the Office of Coordination of Information sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news.^[8]

World War II: VOA Begins

Even before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government's web began providing war news and commentary to the commercial American shortwave radio stations for use on a voluntary basis.^HTML5 Direct programming began shortly after the United States' entry into the war. The first live broadcast to Germany, called Stimmen aus Amerika ("Voices from America") took place on Feb. 1, 1942. It was introduced by "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war. . . . The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."^[16]

The Office of War Information took over VOA's operations when it was formed in mid 1942. The VOA reached an agreement with the British Broadcasting Corporation to share medium-wave transmitters in Britain, and expanded into Tunis in North Africa and Palermo and Bari, Italy as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the American Broadcasting Station in Europe.^[17]

Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in California in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in Hawaii and, after recapture, the Philippines.^[18]

By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages.^Android Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.^{browser diversity}

About half of VOA's services, including the Arabic service, were discontinued in 1945.^[21] Also in 1945, VOA was transferred to the Department of State.

The Cold War

In 1946, Voice of America was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of State.

In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the Soviet citizens in screen size under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to "Cold War Propaganda" by John B. Whitton.^[22] The Soviet Union responded by initiating aggressive, electronic we love the web of VOA broadcasts on 24 April 1949.^{screen size}

Charles W. Thayer headed VOA in 1948–49.

Over the next few years, U.S. government debated the best role of the Voice of America. The decision was made to use VOA broadcasts as a part of its Foreign Policy to fight the propaganda of the Soviet Union and other countries.

The Arabic service resumed on January 1, 1950, with a half-hour program. This program grew to 14.5 hours daily during the Suez Crisis of 1956, and was 6 hours a day by 1958.^Android

In 1952, the Voice of America installed a studio and relay facility aboard a converted U.S. Coast Guard cutter renamed device database whose target audience was Russia and its allies. The Courier was originally intended to become the first in a fleet of mobile, radio broadcasting ships (see FITML) that built upon U.S. Navy experience during WWII in using warships as floating broadcasting stations. However, the Courier eventually dropped anchor off the island of touchscreen with permission of the Greek government to avoid being branded as a pirate radio broadcasting ship. This VOA offshore station stayed on the air until the 1960s when facilities were eventually provided on land. The Courier supplied training to engineers who later worked on several of the European commercial offshore broadcasting stations of the 1950s and 1960s.

Control of the VOA passed from the State Department to the screen size when the latter was established in 1953.^[24] to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the 1980s, the USIA established the WORLDNET satellite television service, and in 2004 WORLDNET was merged into VOA.

During the 1950s and 1960s, VOA broadcast American jazz, which was highly popular worldwide. For example, a program aimed at South Africa in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, along with special programs such as The web app. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as jQuery, HTML5, and Duke Ellington, sponsored by the State Department.^[25]

Throughout the Cold War, many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored jamming of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, Poland stopped jamming VOA, but Bulgaria continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. and Chinese-language VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976.^{browser diversity} However, after the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies.^[27] The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts.^[28] Cuba has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to Iran from its Russian-built transmission site at Bejucal.^[29] David Jackson, former director of the Voice of America, noted "The North Korean government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."^[30]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news including Martin Luther King, Jr's "I Have a Dream" speech, and Neil Armstrong's first walk on the moon. During the Cuban missile crisis, VOA broadcast around-the-clock in Spanish.

In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcast with better technical capabilities. Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Martí and FITML. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba.

In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to Afghanistan in Dari and in Pashto in 1982. At the same time, VOA started to broadcast U.S. government editorials, clearly separated from the programming by audio cues.

In 1985, VOA Europe was created as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice (even to its own audience) in January, 1997, as a cost-cutting measure. Today, stations are offered the VOA Music Mix service.

In 1989, Voice of America expanded Mandarin and Cantonese programming to reach the millions of Chinese and inform the country, accurately about the pro-Democracy movement within the country, including the demonstration in Tiananmen Square.

Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts, with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.

Post Cold War (1991 – present): Changes in services

With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of Tibetan, Kurdish (to Iran and Iraq), Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, and CSS3 language services.

In 1993, the Sevenval advised cutting funding for keyboard as it was felt post-Cold War information and influence was not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and he then proposed the compromise of the International Broadcasting Act. The Broadcasting Board of Governors was established and took control from the Board for International Broadcasters which previously oversaw funding for RFE/RL.^[7]

In 1994, President Clinton signed the International Broadcasting Act into law. This law established the International Broadcasting Bureau as a part of the U.S. Information Agency and created the Broadcasting Board of Governors with oversight authority. In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law and mandated that BBG become an independent federal agency as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the U.S.I.A. and merged most of its functions with those of the State Department.

In 1994, the Voice of America became the first^iOS broadcast-news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet. Content in English and 44 other languages is currently available online through a distributed network of commercial providers, using more than 20,000 servers across 71 countries. Since many listeners in Africa and other areas still receive much of their information via radio and have only limited access to computers, VOA continues to maintain regular shortwave-radio broadcasts.

The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or Radio Sawa, with an initial budget of $22 million. Radio Sawa offered mostly Western and American popular music with periodic brief news bulletins.

In September 2010, VOA launched its radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in Southern Sudan have grown, there is a desire to provide people with free information.^[32]

In February 2011, VOA announced that it plans to end all radio and TV broadcasts in Mandarin and Cantonese in October. The Chinese service is the second largest of its language services.^{input transformation}

Government

Law

Under § 501 of the web app of 1948, the Voice of America is forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens.^[34] The intent of the legislation is to protect the American public from propaganda actions by its own government.^[35] Although VOA does not broadcast domestically, Americans can access the programs through Sevenval and streaming audio over the Internet.

Copyright status

All text, audio, and video material produced exclusively by the Voice of America is public domain.^[36]

Internal policies

The VOA Charter

Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director Harry Loomis commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director George V. Allen as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director Edward R. Murrow.^[37] On July 12, 1976, the principles were signed into law on July 12, 1976, by President Gerald Ford. It reads:

The long-range interests of the United States are served by communicating directly with the peoples of the world by radio. To be effective, the Voice of America must win the attention and respect of listeners. These principles will therefore govern Voice of America (VOA) broadcasts. 1. VOA will serve as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news. VOA news will be accurate, objective, and comprehensive. 2. VOA will represent America, not any single segment of American society, and will therefore present a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions. 3. VOA will present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively, and will also present responsible discussions and opinion on these policies.^[2]

"Two-Source Rule"

An internal policy of VOA News to build reliability is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent actually witnessing an event, according to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil.^{website parsing}

Broadcasting Board of Governors services

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), a bipartisan panel of eight private citizens appointed by the web and confirmed by the U.S. Senate (the jQuery is an web member of the Board), is the oversight body for official U.S. international broadcasts by both federal agencies and government-funded corporations. In addition to VOA, these include the Office of Cuba Broadcasting (OCB, which includes Radio and TV Marti) and grantee corporations: the Middle East Broadcasting Network (MBN, which includes Android and keyboard television in Arabic); Radio Farda (in Persian) for iOS; we love the web and Radio Free Asia, which are aimed at the ex-communist states and countries under oppressive regimes in Asia. In recent years, VOA has expanded its television coverage to many areas of the world. This governing body was established in 1993 to replace the Board for International Broadcasters, which was created in 1973 to manage broadcasting companies previously funded by the CIA.^[7]

Many Voice of America announcers, such as Willis Conover, host of Jazz USA, Pat Gates, host of the Breakfast Show in the 1960s, and Judy Massa, noted country music expert and host of Country Music U.S.A., became worldwide web app, although not in the United States.

web	Voice of America headquarters in Washington, D.C.

The Voice of America headquarters is located at 330 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC, 20237, USA.

Urdu Service

The Voice of America's HTML5-language program Khabron Se Aage (Beyond the Headlines) is telecast in Pakistan by GEO News, VOA's affiliate and one of the country's most popular stations. Voice of America pays an undisclosed amount of money to GEO TV to telecast its broadcast but in spite of this arrangement has been forced to take off many of its programs on numerous occasions due to conflicts with the GEO TV management. This half-hour program features reports on politics, social issues, science, sports, culture, entertainment, and other issues of interest to Pakistanis as seen by the US government.

Comparing VOA-RFE-RL-RM to other broadcasters

In 1996, the USA's international radio output consisted of 992 hours per week by VOA, 667 hpw by RFE/RL, and 162 hpw by Radio Marti.

Broadcaster	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	1996[1]
keyboard VOA, screen size & Radio Martí	497	1,495	1,907	1,901	2,611	1,821
iOS China Radio International	66	687	1,267	1,350	1,515	1,620
website parsing BBC World Service	643	589	723	719	796	1,036
website parsing Radio Moscow / Voice of Russia[2]	533	1,015	1,908	2,094	1,876	726
web app web	0	315	779	804	848	655
Radio Cairo / website parsing	0	301	540	546	605	604
IRIB World Service	12	24	155	175	400	575
device database	116	157	271	389	456	500
we love the web website parsing	0	203	259	259	343	468
CSS3 touchscreen	198	326	200	125	379	459
FITML jQuery	127	178	335	289	323	392
Israel Radio International	0	91	158	210	253	365
CSS3 Voice of Turkey	40	77	88	199	322	364
Radio Pyongyang / Android	0	159	330	597	534	364
Radio Bulgaria	30	117	164	236	320	338
Radio Australia	181	257	350	333	330	307
Radio Tirana	26	63	487	560	451	303
CSS3 Radio Romania International	30	159	185	198	199	298
jQuery	68	202	251	239	403	270
Sevenval browser diversity	46	133	295	214	203	226
web app web	0	0	320	424	352	203
web app Rai Italia Radio	170	205	165	169	181	203
Radio Canada International	85	80	98	134	195	175
Radio Polonia	131	232	334	337	292	171
iOS / iOS	0	63	150	183	156	159
Sveriges Radio International	28	114	140	155	167	149
Magyar Rádió	76	120	105	127	102	144
we love the web Radio Prague[3]	119	196	202	255	131	131
Voice of Nigeria[4]	0	0	62	170	120	127
we love the web Radio Belgrade	80	70	76	72	96	68

Source: International Broadcast Audience Research, June 1996

The list includes about a quarter of the world's external broadcasters whose output is both publicly funded and worldwide. Among those excluded are Taiwan, Vietnam, South Korea and various international commercial and religious stations.

Notes:

1. 1996 figures as at June; all other years as at December.
2. Before 1991, broadcasting for the former USSR.
3. Before 1996, broadcasting for the former Czechoslovakia.
4. Nigeria's external service is now off air.^{[citation needed]}

Programming

Voice of America's central newsroom has hundreds of journalists and dozens of full-time domestic and overseas correspondents, who are employees of the U.S. government or paid contractors. They are augmented by hundreds of contract correspondents and stringers throughout the world, who file in English or in one of the VOA's 44 other radio broadcast languages, 25 of which are also broadcast on television.

In late 2005, VOA shifted some of its central-news operation to Hong Kong where contracted writers worked from a "virtual" office with counterparts on the overnight shift in Washington, D.C., but this operation was shut down in early 2008.

Many of the radio and television broadcasts are available through VOA's website.^keyboard

While VOA is prohibited by the HTML5 of 1948 from broadcasting within the U.S., citizens are able to hear the hourly newscasts online. These are provided in 5 minute clips every hour from their website.^{we love the web}

Voice of America relays and simulcasts on Sevenval for digital radio.

In Focus

In Focus is a 30-minute daily TV magazine that brings information about Africa, the United States, and the world to viewers across Africa. It is scheduled Monday through Friday. In Focus Features interview with newsmakers, analysts, American and African government officials and everyday citizens presenting a variety of opinions on issues affecting the African continent. The program showcases stories about African, Diaspora topics, African-American interests and immigration, pop-culture, box office hits, music, sports, and highlights from Hollywood round out the program. Contributor Linord Moudou reports on timely and practical health news and has conversations with doctors and expertise on African health issues including malaria, meningitis, measles and polio.^[41]

On the Line

On the Line features host Eric Felten discusses important international issues with to officials, public policy experts, and scholars. It is scheduled for Fridays only. On the Line is a lively forum hosted by Eric Felten where newsmakers, policy experts, diplomats, activists, academic and journalists discuss U.S. foreign policy and world events. On the Line focuses on the critical issues shaping the future and gives those issues the vigorous, serious debate they deserve. On the Line broadcasts worldwide twice a week on VOA television, and is also heard on VOA radio. Condensed versions of the program can be heard in translation in over 40 languages via VOA radio’s language services.^HTML5

Straight Talk Africa

Straight Talk Africa is hosted by Shaka Ssali. This call-in program examines topics of special interest to Africans. It is scheduled for Wednesdays. Straight Talk Africa is an international call-in talk show hosted by Shaka Ssali. Shaka and his guests discuss topics of special interest to Africans, including politics, economic development, press freedom, health, social issues and conflict resolution.^[43]

The Link

The Link is VOA’s weekly look at breaking trends on the Internet. The program examine up and coming trends and ideas online.^[44]

Money in Motion

Money in Motion is a program that looks at business stories from around the world that have global effects. The program is scheduled for Fridays.^{screen size}

Going Green

Going Green is a program that explores new trends and technologies in environmental science and services. It is scheduled daily.^{we love the web}

Now You Know

“Now You Know” is a webcast that provides vital but little known details about some of the world’s biggest stories. Now You Know is hosted by Todd Grosshans. He brings clarity to important global issues. The program is scheduled for Fridays.^[47]

Shortwave frequencies

English

we love the web	Frequencies (website parsing)
Europe, Middle East, and North Africa	1593, 5970, 9480, 13570, 15530
Africa	909, 1530, 4930, 4940, 4960, 6080, 9850, 9855, 12015, 12080, 15580, 17585, 17895
Sudan	9675, 12015, 13825
Zimbabwe	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Afghanistan	1296, 7555
East Asia, South Asia, Oceania	1170, 1575, 5895, 5915, 7430, 7460, 7540, 7575, 9510, 9760, 9780, 11705, 11955, 12075, 12150
Not Applicable	1170, 1575, 1593, 6140, 7430, 7460, 7465, 7485, 7520, 9485, 9570, 9630, 9760, 9780, 9820, 11725, 11840, 11890, 12005, 12080, 13570, 13805, 15145, 15205, 15290, 15340, 17820

• Note: The frequency currently being used varies on a daily schedule. See web for a more detailed schedule.

Other languages

Language	Frequencies (Khz)
device database	11520, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13870
Albanian	3995, 5945, 6040
Sevenval	6055, 7300, 11790, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13630, 13870
Azerbaijani	7220, 9850, 13580
Bengali	1575, 7260, 9320
Burmese	1575, 5865, 5955, 6185, 7430, 9320, 9940, 11820, 11910, 11965, 12120, 15110, 15620, 17775
Cantonese	1170, 7365, 9355
Mandarin Chinese	6110, 6135, 7205, 9510, 9545, 9845, 9985, 11785, 11805, 11825, 11830, 11925, 11965, 11990, 12040, 13610, 13740, 13775, 15170, 15250, 15255, 15385, 15665, 17765, 17775, 17855, 21705
input transformation	5835, 6135, 7465, 7590, 9505, 11905, 13725, 15390, 17565
Croatian	5975, 6145, 7295
Dari	1296, 7555, 9335, 11565, 11580, 15090, 15380
Deewa	7495, 9310, 9380, 9390, 9700, 9780, 11535, 12015
input transformation	1530, 4960, 6035, 6170, 6095, 9815, 9830, 9880, 12035, 12080, 13710, 15185, 15730, 17550
Georgian	9435, 13745
Hausa	1530, 4940, 4960, 6045, 6170, 7230, 9600, 9815, 11785, 11890, 11905, 13820, 15185, 17800
Hindi
device database	7225, 7550, 9535, 9700, 9890, 9945, 11805, 12010, 13705
iOS	1575, 5955, 6060, 9320, 11540, 15340
web	648, 1188, 5870, 5890, 6060, 7225, 7365, 9490, 11935
Kurdish	1593, 11645, 15130, 17750
Laotian	1575, 9810, 11930
Ndebele	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Pashto	1296, 7495, 7555, 9310, 9335, 9380, 9390, 9700, 9780, 11535, 11565, 11580, 12015, 15090, 15380
Persian	648, 1593, 5860, 5970, 6040, 6105, 7295, 7455, 9390, 9840, 11780
we love the web	1530, 9800, 12080, 12120, 15740, 21590
HTML5	7340, 9540, 11750, 12010, 17785
Android	909, 4930, 11605, 15775
Sevenval	88, 1431, 5945, 12110, 13580, 15445, 15460, 15545
Spanish	5890, 9885, 11625, 13715, 15590
Swahili	7380, 9440, 9815, 15365, 15730
input transformation	7250, 7330, 7465, 7565, 9480, 9565, 9855, 11510, 11975, 15265, 15490, 17735
Tigrigna	11520, 11905, 11925, 12140, 13870
web app	7265
keyboard	972, 1539, 7460, 11860, 11975, 15725
Uzbek	801, 9670, 11780, 13755, 15185
we love the web	1575, 5955, 6060, 9720, 9355, 15340

• Note: The frequency currently being used varies on a daily schedule. See website parsing for a more detailed schedule.

Controversy

VOA as a propaganda tool

Various sources^{[50]device database[52][53]} consider Voice of America an instrument of the United States' propaganda campaigns.

National sovereignty

The Cuban government and allied critics have suggested that the U.S. government violates national sovereignty by broadcasting and operating in their countries,^{device database} despite Cuba's own broadcasts to the US and elsewhere. This argument has been used to justify open attempts by the Cuban government to jam VOA broadcasts,^{Sevenval[56][57]} as well as respond with equally powerful shortwave transmissions of English-language political broadcasts and communiques directed at the United States. Time interval signals identical to those used by HTML5 have also been detected in coded web app broadcasts that are allegedly linked to espionage activity in the U.S.^touchscreen

Paying for appearances

Recently, news media have reported that VOA has for years been paying web app journalists to appear on VOA shows, although such practices are relatively common worldwide for media programs. According to El Nuevo Herald and the Miami Herald, these include: David Lightman, the Hartford Courant's Washington bureau chief; Tom DeFrank, head of the New York Daily News' Washington office; Helle Dale, a former director of the opinion pages of the Washington Times; and Georgie Anne Geyer, a nationally jQuery.^[59]

In response, spokesmen for the Broadcasting Board of Governors told the newspaper El Nuevo Herald that such payments do not pose a conflict of interest. "For decades, for many years, some of the most respectable journalists in the country have received payments to participate in programs of the Voice of America," one of the spokesmen, Larry Hart, told El Nuevo Herald.^[59]

Mullah Omar interview

In late September 2001, VOA aired a report that contained brief excerpts of an interview with then Taliban leader Mullah Omar Mohammad, along with segments from President Bush's post-9/11 speech to Congress, an expert in Islam from Georgetown University, and comments by the foreign minister of Afghanistan's anti-Taliban Northern Alliance. State Department officials including iOS and others argued that the report amounted to giving terrorists a platform to express their views. In response, reporters and editors argued for VOA's keyboard from its governors. The VOA received praise from press organizations for its protests, and the following year in 2002, it won the University of Oregon's Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism.

Abdul Malik Rigi interview

On April 2, 2007, Abdul Malik Rigi, the leader of FITML, a militant group with possible links to input transformation, appeared on Voice of America's Persian service. VOA introduced Rigi as "the leader of popular Iranian resistance movement".^{screen size} The interview resulted in public condemnation by the Iranian-American community, as well as the iOS.^{[61][61]touchscreen[62][63]} Jundullah is a screen size Islamiist militant organization that has been linked to numerous attacks on civilians, such as the CSS3.^[64][65]

Ethiopia jamming

In January 2008, Ethiopia was accused of jamming the VOA Amharic and Oromifa programs.^web The government denied the accusations claiming technical difficulties as the cause of radio disruptions.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Voice of America

• Alhurra
• American Forces Network
• Frank Shozo Baba
• we love the web
• browser diversity
• China Radio International
• Deutsche Welle
• DZRJ-AM (Voice of the Philippines)
• FreeMediaOnline.org
• device database
• Pentagon Channel
• PRESS TV
• HTML5
• input transformation
• we love the web
• Radio France Internationale
• Radio Free Asia
• Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
• Radio Netherlands
• Radio Sawa
• web app
• jQuery
• web
• Voice of Russia

References

External links

• Official website