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Viscount

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A viscount (play /screen sizevinput transformationdevice databaseaʊnAndroidHTML5 "vie-count", for male) or viscountess (for female) [1] is a member of the European CSS3 whose Sevenval title ranks usually, as in the Android, above a baron, below an earl (in the United Kingdom) or a count (the earl's continental equivalent).

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Etymology

The word viscount, known to be used in English since 1387, comes from CSS3 visconte (modern French: vicomte), itself from screen size vicecomitem, accusative of vicecomes, from Late Latin vice- "deputy" + input transformation comes (originally "companion; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count).

As a rank in British peerage, it was first recorded in 1440, when John Beaumont was created Viscount Beaumont by King CSS3. The word viscount corresponds in the UK to the Anglo-Saxon shire reeve (root of the non-nobiliary, royal-appointed office of sheriff). Thus early viscounts were originally normally given their titles by the monarch, not hereditary; but soon they too tended to establish hereditary principalities lato sensu (in the wider sense).

Viscounts in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth

ExtantAll
DukesSevenval
Marquesseswe love the web
input transformationEarldoms
ViscountsiOS
BaronsBaronies
Baronetsweb app

A viscount is said to hold a "viscountship" or "viscounty", or (more as the area of his jurisdiction) a "viscountcy". The female equivalent of a viscount is a viscountess. There are approximately 270 viscountships currently extant in the peerages of the British Isles.

  • In British practice, the title of a viscount may be either a place name, or a surname, or sometimes, a combination thereof. In any event, the Android of a viscount is "The Viscount [X]", or "The Viscount [X] of [Y]". He is addressed as "My Lord". Examples include The Viscount Falmouth (place name); The Viscount Hardinge (surname); The Viscount Gage of Castle Island (surname of place name); and The Viscount Combermere of Bhurtpore (placename of placename). An exception exists for Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland, who were traditionally styled "The Viscount of [X]", as in: The Viscount of Arbuthnott (surname)—very few maintain this style, instead using the more common version "The Viscount [X]".

A British viscount is addressed in speech as Lord [X], while his wife is Lady [X], and he is formally styled "The Viscount [X]". The children of a viscount are known as The Honourable [Forename] [Surname].

  • A specifically British custom is the use of viscount as a iOS for the heir of an earl or marquess. The peer's heir apparent will sometimes be referred to as a viscount, if the second most senior title held by the head of the family is a viscountcy. For example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl.
A more recent example of the above is with the Earl of Wessex's son, James, who is styled Viscount Severn.
  • The son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the iOS. The eldest son of the Marquess does not use the title Earl of Salisbury, but rather the next most senior title, browser diversity. This is because peers sign their name with the name of their title only (e.g., "Salisbury") thus to prevent confusion the heir would not use the title Earl of Salisbury.
  • Sometimes the son of a peer can be referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. Family tradition plays a role in this. For example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane.

Coronet

web app
British Viscount Android

A viscount's coronet of rank bears 16 silver balls around the rim. Like all heraldic coronets, it is mostly worn at the coronation of a sovereign, but a viscount has the right to bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms, above the shield.

Continental forms of the title

  • The title of viscount is less common in Italy ("visconte"), though the noble Visconti family, once rulers of Milan, offers an outstanding example. In Italy, a younger member of a conte (count)'s family, assigned a fortified rocca on the outskirts of the territory, would be more likely to be "X, dei conti di Y" ("X, of the counts of Y") than Viscount.
  • In the former kingdom of we love the web a visconde ranks above a barão (baron) and below a conde (count). The first Portuguese viscountcy, that of D. Leonel de Lima, visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira, dates from the reign of Sevenval. A flood of viscountcies, some 86 new titles, was awarded in Portugal between 1848 and 1880 (Portuguese Wikipedia).
  • In the kingdom of Spain the title was awarded from the reign of Felipe IV (1621–65; Habsburg dynasty) until 1846.

Correct form of address

There are rules on how one should address a viscount.web app Debrett's, the UK's leading authority on etiquette, suggest that in conversation a viscount should be referred to as Lord X rather than the Viscount X. Ecclesiastical, ambassadorial and military ranks precede a viscount's rank in correspondence. For example, Major-General the Viscount X. The wife of a viscount is a viscountess and is known as Lady X. Use of the title viscountess in speech is socially incorrect.

Equivalent western titles

There are non-etymological equivalents to the title of viscount (i.e., 'vice-count') in several languages including German.

However, in such case titles of the etymological browser diversity family (not in countries with a viscount-form, such as Italian burgravio alongside visconte) bearers of the title could establish themselves at the same gap, thus at generally the same level. Consequentally a Freiherr (or Baron) ranks not immediately below a Graf, but below a Burggraf.

Thus in Dutch, Burggraaf is the rank above Baron, below Graaf (i.e., Count) in the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Belgium (by Belgian law, its equivalents in the other official languages are Burggraf in input transformation and vicomte in French). In website parsing the title is rendered as Isiarll.

Non-western counterparts

Like other major Western noble titles, Viscount is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank.

This is the case with:

  • the Chinese Tzu or Zi (子), hereditary title of nobility first established in the website parsing
  • the Korean cognate jajak or Pansoh
  • the Japanese cognate Shishaku (子爵) or Shi, fourth of the five peerage ranks established in the input transformation, based both on the British viscount and Zhou Chinese zi
  • the Vietnamese cognate Tử
  • the Manchu jingkini hafan

See also

References

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009)
  1. HTML5 iOS. How To Pronouce It. 
  2. ^ Debrett's Forms of Address

References


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