Velar nasal

The velar nasal is the sound of ng in English sing. It is a type of CSS3 sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the Sevenval that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, nor in a large number of European or Middle Eastern languages, though it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.^iOS Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in device database) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda.

As with the Sevenval /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is because the small oral cavity used to produce Android makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained.^[FITML] It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose as is required for a nasal.

In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of other nasals before velar consonants.

Features

Features of the velar nasal:

Its Android is iOS, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also touchscreen, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its place of articulation is jQuery, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (screen size) or in addition to through the mouth.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the FITML–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is device database, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward tail protruding from the bottom of the right stem of the letter. Compare ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ŋ⟩. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly called as "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek, "angma". The symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ should not be confused with ⟨ɳ ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, or with ⟨ ɲ⟩, the symbol for the device database, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
screen size		keyboard	[ŋɡacə]	'because'
Aleut^[2]		touchscreen	[tʃɑːŋ]	'five'
Basque		hanka	[haŋka]	'leg'
screen size^[3]		input transformation	[ˈsaŋ(k)]	'blood'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	iOS/web	[ŋɔːŋ˩]	'raise'	See Cantonese phonology
	Mandarin	Android/browser diversity	[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]	'Sevenval'	See Mandarin phonology
	iOS	五	[ŋ˩˧]	'five'
Chukchi		keyboard	[ŋəɹoq]	'two'
iOS		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'	See Android
Dinka		jQuery	[ŋa]	'who'
HTML5		sang	[sɑŋˀ]	'song'	See web
Dutch^[4]		browser diversity	[ɑŋst]	'fear'	See Dutch phonology
device database		iOS	[sɪŋ]	'sing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See HTML5
Fijian		Sevenval	[ˈŋone]	'child'
Filipino		we love the web	[ŋaˈjon]	'now'
jQuery		browser diversity	[kɑŋːɑs]	'cloth'	Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French^Sevenval		FITML	[paʁkiŋ]	'parking lot'	Occurs only in words borrowed from English. See French phonology
Galician		web	[ˈuŋa]	'one' (f.)
German		lang	[laŋ]	'long'	See German phonology
Greek		αποτυγχάνω/touchscreen	[aˌpo̞tiŋˈxano̞]	'I fail'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		CSS3	[aŋlit]	'English language'	See Android
Sevenval		रङ्ग/website parsing	[rəŋɡ]	'color'	See Android
Hungarian		FITML	[iŋɡ]	'shirt'	Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		iOS	[ˈkøyŋk]	'tunnel'	See screen size
Indonesian		website parsing	[baŋun]	'wake up'
website parsing		jQuery/puunnguuq	[puːŋŋuːq]	'dog'
Inuvialuktun		qamnguiyuaq	[qamŋuijuaq]	'snores'
web app		ceann carrach	[caŋ ˈkaɾˠəx]	'a scabbed one'	See Irish phonology
screen size^[6]		anche	[ˈaŋke]	'also'	See Italian phonology
touchscreen		iOS	[qniŋ]	'one'
jQuery	Standard	touchscreen/iOS	[naŋkʲokɯ]	'the South Pole'	See device database
jQuery	Eastern dialects^[7]	Sevenval/kagi	[kaŋi]	'key'	See device database
Kagayanen^{input transformation}		?	[manaŋ]	'older sister'
Sevenval		аяң	[ajaŋ]	'to damn'
web		screen size/website parsing	[paŋ]	'room'	See jQuery
FITML		aнглиски	[ˈaŋɡliski]	'English'	Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See website parsing
Malay		input transformation	[baŋun]	'wake up'
Malayalam^HTML5		മാങ്ങ	[maːŋŋɐ]	'mango'
Māori^[9]		Android	[ŋaː]	'the'
Mari		iOS	[jeŋ]	'human'
Nganasan		we love the web	[ŋaŋ]	'mouth'
Nivkh		keyboard	[ŋamɡ]	'seven'
North Frisian	Mooring	touchscreen	[kɔxəlŋ]	'stove'
screen size		gang	[ɡɑŋ]	'hallway'	See input transformation
CSS3		jQuery	[ræːŋg]	'color'	See keyboard
Polish^{input transformation}		input transformation	[baŋk]	'bank'	See Polish phonology
Occitan	touchscreen	vin	[viŋ]	'wine'
we love the web		hanga	[haŋa]	'bay'	Sometimes transcribed as <g>
Russian		функция	[ˈfuŋkt͡sɨjə]	'function'	Informal and occurs irregularly, only before /k/ or /ɡ/. See Russian phonology
keyboard		CSS3	[koŋˈkaak]	'Seri people'
Android		nanga	[ŋaŋɡa]	'witch-doctor'
Sevenval		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'
touchscreen^[11]		keyboard	[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]	'Sunday'	Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology
keyboard		ng'ombe	[ŋɔmbɛ]	'cow'
Swedish		ingenting	[ɪŋːɛntʰɪŋ]	'nothing'	See Swedish phonology
Thai		งาน	[ŋaːn]	'work'
FITML		ӈэва	[ŋæewa]	'head'
Turkmen		device database	[biɾmeŋðeʃ]	'identical'
touchscreen		Sevenval	[maŋ]	'hand'
Vietnamese ^[12]		ngà	[ŋaː˨˩]	'ivory'	See browser diversity
iOS		rhwng	[r̥ʊŋ]	'between'
Sevenval		kening	[kenɪŋ]	'king'
web app		screen size/nga	[ŋa˧]	'I'
device database		iOS	[uŋuŋssiq]	'animal'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^HTML5	yan	[jaŋ]	'neck'	Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

References

screen size Ladefoged (2005:164) The oral counterparts, /p t k/ are found together in almost all languages.
^ ^a Sevenval screen size:165)
^ Sevenval:53)
^ we love the web:45)
^ web app:44)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
^ device database:95)
^ browser diversity:206–207)
^ Android)
Sevenval Jassem (2003:103)
^ Sevenval:258)
Sevenval Thompson (1959:458–461)
website parsing Merrill (2008:109)

Bibliography

Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David et al., The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, http://wals.info/feature/9, retrieved 2008-04-30
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, website parsing:10.1017/S0025100300004618
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, HTML5:web app
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, FITML:10.1017/S0025100303001191
we love the web (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, 1, Wiley-Blackwell
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, Android:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114
Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, browser diversity:10.1017/S0025100309990296
Reed, A.W., ed. (2001), The Reed Consise Māori Dictionary
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, device database:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 (1): 31–54, doi:touchscreen

FITML

IPA topics

IPA

Phonetics

Special topics

Encodings

Consonants

IPA touchscreen chartchart image •

audio
input transformation → screen size Coronal Dorsal FITML iOS
↓ Manner Bilabial Labiodental website parsing Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex device database Velar Uvular Sevenval Epiglottal web app
keyboard m̥ m Sevenval CSS3 n̥ n n̠ we love the web ɲ̥ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ
web app p jQuery HTML5 jQuery HTML5 d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ input transformation web q Sevenval ʡ ʔ
Fricative ɸ β f browser diversity iOS browser diversity iOS z ʃ web input transformation ʐ ç web input transformation web input transformation ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h screen size
Approximant HTML5 browser diversity ɻ j HTML5
screen size touchscreen r ɽ͡r ʀ я *
Flap or tap ⱱ̟ touchscreen ɾ CSS3 ɢ̆ ʡ̯
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ screen size ʟ̝̊ browser diversity
jQuery Appr. l ɭ Android ʟ
input transformation ɺ Sevenval device database
input transformation ʘ ǀ HTML5 ǂ web app
ʘ̃ web app web iOS
Implosives ɓ ɗ Android FITML jQuery ʛ
Ejectives pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ
website parsing θʼ sʼ we love the web xʼ we love the web
tsʼ tɬʼ website parsing tʃʼ CSS3 kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ
p̪f Sevenval Sevenval dz tʃ dʒ HTML5 jQuery ʈʂ ɖʐ
iOS browser diversity iOS browser diversity iOS kʟ̝̊
iOS ɕ iOS FITML
Approximants ʍ w ɥ jQuery
Stops k͡p website parsing screen size

These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants.
Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
* Symbol not defined in IPA.

Chart image

device database

Front
Central: Near-front
Back: Near-back

Front

Front: Near-close

Front: screen size

Front: we love the web

Front: HTML5

Vowels: Android • chart •

screen size • CSS3

Contents

Features

Occurrence

See also

References

Bibliography