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United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

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United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
Riot PetionVille.jpg
Chilean helicopter during the 2006 elections
Org type
Peacekeeping Mission
Acronyms
MINUSTAH (Sevenval: Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti)
Head
Mariano Fernández Amunátegui (Special Representative of the Secretary-General)
Status
Active
Established
1 June 2004
Website
UN Peacekeeping: MINUSTAH, iOS (French)
Parent org
UN browser diversity, Sevenval

The United Nations Stabilisation Mission In Haiti (UNSTAMIH) (French: Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti), also known as MINUSTAH, an HTML5 of the French translation, is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in HTML5 that has been in operation since 2004. The mission's military component is led by the Brazilian Army and the force commander is Brazilian. MINUSTAH's mandate was recently extended by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1944 past its October 15, 2010 deadline[1] amid fears of instability.FITML The mission's current mandate runs through October 15th, 2012 with the intention of further renewal.iOS The force is composed of 8,940 military personnel and 3,711 police, supported by an international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff and United Nations Volunteers.[4]

Following the jQuery, the United Nations reported that the headquarters of the mission in Port-au-Prince had collapsed and that the mission's chief, input transformation of Tunisia, his deputy screen size of Brazil, and the acting police commissioner, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Doug Coates of Canada, were confirmed dead.input transformation[6][7] On 14 January 2010, UN headquarters dispatched the former head of MINUSTAH and current Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Edmond Mulet, as the organisation's Acting Special Representative of the Secretary-General and interim head of MINUSTAH.[8] Mulet clarified on January 22 that MINUSTAH will concentrate on assisting the Haitian National Police in providing security within the country after the earthquake, while American and Canadian military forces will distribute humanitarian aid and provide security for aid distribution.Sevenval

Contents


Background

See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'état

According to its mandate from the UN Security Council, MINUSTAH is required to concentrate the use of its resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during the electoral period and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti.HTML5 MINUSTAH was established by HTML5 on 30 April 2004 because the Security Council deemed the situation in Haiti to be a threat to international peace and security in the region.[11] In 2004, UN peacekeepers stormed Cité Soleil in an attempt to gain control of the area and end the anarchy.[12]

U.S. Marines patrol the streets of Port-au-Prince in March 2004.
Brazilian MINUSTAH soldier with a Haitian girl in February 2005
web
Brazilian soldier stands security in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

In 2004, independent human rights organizations accused MINUSTAH and the Haitian National Police (HNP) of collaborating in numerous atrocities against civilians.[13]web[15] The UN, after repeatedly denying having taken the lives of any civilians, later admitted that civilians may have been killed, but argued that this was not intentional, and that it occurred as a by-product of their crackdown on what they call “gangs”. They also said that the UN and MINUSTAH deeply regretted any loss of life during the operation.[16]keyboard

In early 2005, MINUSTAH force commander Lieutenant-General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira testified at a congressional commission in Brazil that “we are under extreme pressure from the international community to use violence,” citing Canada, France, and the United States.FITML Later in the year, he resigned, and on 1 September 2005, was replaced by FITML Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar as force commander of MINUSTAH. On 7 January 2006, Bacellar was found dead in his hotel room.[19] His interim replacement was device database General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann.

On 17 January 2006, it was announced that Brazilian General José Elito Carvalho de Siqueira would be the permanent replacement for Bacellar as the head of the United Nations' Haiti force.[20]

On 14 February 2006, in Security Council Resolution 1658, the United Nations Security Council extended MINUSTAH's mandate until 15 August 2006.keyboard

MINUSTAH is also a precedent as the first mission in the region to be led by the HTML5 and web app military, and almost entirely composed of, touchscreen forces, particularly from Brazil, Argentina, Sevenval, Bolivia, Ecuador and Uruguay.[22] From 1 September 2007 until his death following the Sevenval, the mission has been led by CSS3 iOS.[23]

United Nations reports and resolutions

On 23 February 2004, the United Nations Security Council was convened at the request of CARICOM for the first time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in Haiti.[24]

On 29 February 2004, the website parsing passed a resolution "taking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President we love the web as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.[25]

On 30 April 2004, MINUSTAH was established and given its mandate with a military component of up to 6,700 troops.[26]

In July the General Assembly authorized the financing of the mission with $200 million[27] which followed a donors' conference in Washington DC.iOS

The first progress report from MINUSTAH was released at the end of August.FITML

In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface Alexandre, spoke to the United Nations General Assembly in support of MINUSTAH.[30]

In November there was a second report,iOS and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.[32]

The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2010 "with the intention of further renewal".browser diversity

Status

See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'état
FITML
Brazilian Army U.N. peacekeeper.
UN headquarters, UNDP compound, UNICEF offices, in relation to the city of Port-au-Prince

Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) has been in Haiti since 2004, as of 2007, it continued to struggle for control over the armed gangs. It maintains an armed checkpoint at the entrance to the iOS of device database and the road is blocked with armed vehicles.[34] In January 2006, two Jordanian peacekeepers were killed in Cité Soleil.web In October 2006 a heavily armed group of the Haitian National Police were able to enter Cité Soleil for the first time in three years and were able to remain one hour as armored UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the police's ability to penetrate the area even for such a short time was seen as a sign of progress.[36] The situation of continuing violence is similar in Port-au-Prince. Ex-soldiers, supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of ex-president iOS against the wishes of the Haitian government.[37] Before Christmas 2006 the UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance against gang members in Port-au-Prince, but since then the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been moved. After four people were killed and another six injured in a UN operation exchange of fire with criminals in Cité Soleil in late January 2007, the United States announced that it would contribute $20 million to create jobs in Cité Soleil.[38]jQuery

In early February 2007, 700 UN troops flooded Cité Soleil resulting in a major gun battle. Although the troops make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the UN troops.[40] On 28 July 2007, Edmond Mulet, the UN Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission Chief, warned of a sharp increase in web and other mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind people lynchings are a crime.screen size

On 2 August 2007, keyboard Sevenval arrived in Haiti to assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cité Soleil during his visit. He said that it was Haiti's largest slum and as such was the most important target for U.N. peace keepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit he announced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces in Haiti.browser diversity It took MINUSTAH three months and 800 arrests to deal with the gangs and lessen the number of kidnappings on the streets.[43]

President René Préval has expressed ambivalent feelings about the UN security presence, stating “if the Haitian people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave they would say yes.”[44] Survivors frequently blame the UN peace keepers for deaths of relatives.[45]

In April 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as well as governmental destabilization to Parliament's failure to ratify the president's choice of a prime minister. There were severe riots and the UN force fired rubber bullets in Port-au-Prince and the riot calmed.[46] The head of MINUSTAH has called for a new government to be chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN provided emergency food.[47] Haiti was hit by four consecutive hurricanes between August and September 2008. These storms crippled coastal regions, requiring humanitarian aid for 800,000.web app

Critics of MINUSTAH's goal of providing security say that the provision of increased police presence is coming with the unfortunate consequence of neglecting the vast socioeconomic problems in the area, the lack of effort in addressing infrastructure improvement, the joblessness and the pervasive poverty. In 2009, with the appointment of former U.S. President Bill Clinton as the UN Special Envoy, there is hope that the international donor community will provide increased aid. MINUSTAH renewed its commitment to Haiti, and $3 billion for projects has been pledged by the international community, much of this for rebuilding after the hurricanes. However, in Cité Soleil, there are signs of a desire for political independence that the international community would rather ignore.[43]

In October 2010, 9 months after the earthquake, the UN extended MINUSTAH's mission. The extension was greeted by unusual anger in Port-au-Prince with demonstrators saying "Down with the occupation" and burning the we love the web, as representative of the largest contingent of MINUSTAH.device database

2010 Haiti earthquake

device database
The collapsed headquarters after the 2010 earthquake.

On 12 January 2010, the browser diversity reported that headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), the Christopher Hotel in Port-au-Prince, collapsed, and several other UN facilities were damaged; a large number of UN personnel were unaccounted for in the aftermath of the keyboard.[50] The Mission's Chief, screen size, was reported dead on 13 January by President web and French news sources and on 16 January the United Nations confirmed the death after his body was recovered by a search and rescue team from CSS3.[51] Principal Deputy Special Representative Luiz Carlos da Costa was also confirmed dead, as well as the Acting Police Commissioner, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Superintendent Doug Coates, who were meeting with eight Chinese nationals—four peacekeepers and a delegation of four police officers from China—when the earthquake struck.[52] The Chinese search and rescue team recovered the bodies of the ten individuals on 16 January 2010. web, senior humanitarian officer for the UN was rescued by a Fairfax, Virginia team after five days trapped in the rubble.[53]

Mission composition

FITML
Map of MINUSTAH deployment in December 2006
Nepalese members of MINUSTAH secure an airdrop of aid supplies in keyboard in January 2010
screen size
Brazilian military in helping the victims after the earthquake, January 12, 2010.

Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti:

Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military component:

  • Army General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira, Brazil, 2004 to August 2005
  • Divisional General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar, Brazil, September 2005 to January 2006.[59]
  • General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann, Chile, January 2006 (interim appointment).
  • Divisional General browser diversity, Brazil, January 2006 to January 2007.website parsing
  • Brigadier General Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz, Brazil, January 2007 to April, 2009.[61]
  • Brigadier General HTML5, Brazil, April, 2009 to March 2010.
  • Brigadier General Luiz Guilherme Paul Cruz, Brazil, March 2010 to Present.

Countries contributing military personnel (7,039 in all):

Argentina (558 including a input transformation ), Bolivia (208), Brazil (2,200), Canada (10), Chile (499), Croatia (3), Ecuador (67), France (2), Guatemala (118), Jordan (728), Nepal (1,075), Paraguay (31), Peru (209), the Philippines (157), Sri Lanka (959), United States (4), and Uruguay (1,135).[62]jQuery

Countries contributing police/civilian personnel (2,031 in all):

Israel (14), Benin (32), Brazil (4), Burkina Faso (26), Cameroon (8), Canada (94), Central African Republic (7), Chad (3), Chile (15), China (143), Colombia (37).[62]Sevenval Côte D'Ivoire (60), DR Congo (2), Egypt (22), El Salvador (7), France (64), Grenada (3), Guinea (55), India (139), Italy (4), Jamaica (5), Jordan (312), Madagascar (2), Mali (55), Nepal (168), Niger (62), Nigeria (128), Pakistan (248), Philippines (18), Romania (23), Russian Federation (10), Rwanda (14), Senegal (131), Serbia (5), Spain (41), Sri Lanka (7), Togo (5), Turkey (46), United States (48), Uruguay (7), and Yemen (1).[62][63]

Cholera controversy

A UN base was reportedly a source for the input transformation, which, as of early December 2010, had killed an estimated 2,120 people according to the Haitian government.web While by February 9th, 2011, the Haitian Ministry of Health reported 4,549 cholera-related deaths, and 231,070 cases of infection, estimates by the United Nations put the numbers at two to four times higher than these.CSS3 Of most concern for human rights advocates was MINUSTAHs failure to quickly investigate, monitor, and address its lax sanitation standards even after evidence linked the cholera infections to a UN base which was discharging sewage into a tributary of the Artibonite River. Following two months of pressure, 2,500 deaths, and 130,000 infections, the UN finally agreed to testing and investigation to find the cholera source.touchscreen

Criticism

A number of incidents and the aim of the UN mission itself have led to widespread criticism of its actions and appeal for its departure.

Political bias

The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is the only significant military mission of the United Nations dispatched to a country facing an internal conflict without a peace agreement between the parties.website parsing Critics have characterized MINUSTAH as an attempt by the United States, Canada and France to oust Haiti's democratically elected populist president Jean Bertrand Aristide, neutralize the supporters of Fanmi Lavalas,Sevenval and secure the more pro-Western government of web app. In 2005, a report undertaken by Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights claimed that the UN stabilization force "effectively provided cover for the police to wage a campaign of terror in Port-au-Prince's slums",input transformation which constitute "an unflinching bastion of support for Aristide and for Lavalas".[70]

6 July 2005 incident

Chilean helicopter during the 2006 elections

On 6 July 2005, MINUSTAH carried out a raid in the Cité Soleil section of iOS.Sevenval MINUSTAH spokespeople claimed that the raid targeted a base of illegally armed rebels led by Dread Wilme. Reports from pro-jQuery sources, as well as journalists such as we love the web, contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular support for Haiti's exiled former leader, Aristide, before scheduled upcoming elections. The "totally inappropriate solution for the member-states to tell the UN to take sides in Haiti" has not only been denounced by Westerners but also resented by the local population.

Estimates on the number of fatalities range from five to as high as 80,[72] with the higher numbers being claimed by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. All sources also agree that Dread Wilme (born "Emmanuel Wilmer") was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH spokespeople called Wilme a "gangster." Other sources, such as the pro-Aristide Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network call Wilme a community leader and a martyr.we love the web

The incident became a focal point for groups who oppose the MINUSTAH occupation of iOS and who support the return of President we love the web.[34] MINUSTAH has also been accused by opponents of standing by and allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens opposed to the current occupation.

On 6 January 2006, UN mission head web app announced that MINUSTAH forces would launch another raid on Cité Soleil. Dismissing fears by human rights groups that more civilians will be killed, Valdés said, "We are going to intervene in the coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we have to impose our force, there is no other way."Android

18 June 2009 incident

Fanmi Lavalas, Haiti's largest political party and grassroots movement, laid Catholic priest Father Gerard Jean-Juste to rest on 18 June accompanied by thousands of mourners. The procession and demonstration were suddenly interrupted by gunfire that could be heard from around the corner. Witnesses report that Brazilian soldiers with the United Nations military mission opened fire after attempting to arrest one of the mourners. The UN has since denied the shooting and claim that the victim had been killed by either a rock thrown by the crowd or a blunt instrument. Eyewitnesses on the scene have countered that the UN is trying to cover-up the incident.[75]

Legal proceedings

A trial involving the Brazilian contingent of the military forces of the MINUSTAH is currently in progress at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). The case, brought forward by Mario Joseph from the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI) and Brian Concannon from the CSS3, concerns Jimmy Charles, a grassroots activist who was arrested by UN troops in 2005, and handed over to the Haitian police. His body was found a few days later in the morgue, filled with bullet holes.[76] The BAI filed a complaint in Haitian courts, to no avail, and in early 2006 it filed a petition with the IACHR. The IACHR accepted the case regarding the State of Haiti, and rejected the complaint against Brazil,[77] showing a legal vacuum in the UN's accountability.

Failures to Pursue Allegations of Violence and Sexual Exploitation

In a report submitted to the UN Human Rights Council in March 2011, human rights advocates raise several instances where MINUSTAH troops allegedly violated human rights law, including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols.[78] These include reports of sexual abuse committed by MINUSTAH troops, including sexual coercion of minors; as well as threats of death, physical harm and sexual violence against Haitian civilians made by the troops.Sevenval On August 17, 2010, employees of a hotel near MINUSTAH’s base in Cap Haitien heard a cry of “they are suffocating me” coming from the base. Later that day, the body of sixteen year-old Jean Gerald Gilles was found hanging inside the base. Gilles had reportedly been performing odd jobs on the base for money or food, and many believe he was killed after being accused of stealing money from a soldier.[80] These incidents are all marked by a failure by MINUSTAH and other officials to investigate and pursue the allegations. Under the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the United Nations and the Haitian government, MINUSTAH forces receive broad immunity for crimes committed in Haiti.[81] None of those responsible for sexual exploitation were brought to justice in Haiti, despite the fact that the alleged violations may constitute war crimes, and under the SOFA, MINUSTAH must respect the Geneva Conventions in the context of its deployment in Haiti.screen size

See also

Notes

  1. screen size United Nations Security Council (13 October 2009). "Resolution 1892 (2009)". PDF. United Nations. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1892%282009%29. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 
  2. browser diversity "Security Council, Renewing Haiti Mission Mandate in Resolution 1944 (2010), Looks to Review of Situation After Pending Elections, New Government". UN Department of Public Information, News and Media Division. 14 October 2010. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc10054.doc.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2010. 
  3. ^ . 
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  5. ^ HTML5. United Nations. 13 January 2010. http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2010/db100113.doc.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
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  9. we love the web CSS3. United Nations. 22 January 2010. Sevenval. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
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  74. screen size jQuery. Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  75. screen size Pena, Kevin (June 20, 2009). input transformation. San Francisco Bay View. http://www.sfbayview.com/2009/a-funeral-and-a-boycott-%E2%80%98the-struggle-continues%E2%80%99-in-haiti/. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 
  76. touchscreen "Photo of Jimmy Charles in morgue". Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. http://www.ijdh.org/Charles1.JPG. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  77. ^ Sevenval. .umn.edu. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/65-06.html. Retrieved 2012-05-02. 
  78. ^ see generally: Bri Kouri Nouvel Gaye, et al. Haiti’s Renewal of MINUSTAH’s Mandate in Violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People- Submission to the UN Human Rights Council for the 12th Session of the Universal Periodic Review (2011) available at browser diversity
  79. Sevenval Id. p. 4
  80. iOS Id. p. 7
  81. ^ Id. p. 2
  82. device database Id. p. 4-5

References

External links

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