Spanish language

Spanish (español) is a Romance language named for its origins as the native tongue of a large proportion of the inhabitants of Spain. It is also named Castilian (castellano  CSS3 (help·info)) after the Spanish region of Castile where it originated. Spanish is the second most natively spoken language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese.^{HTML5[6]Androidbrowser diversity[9]input transformationtouchscreen}

In 1999 there were, according to Ethnologue, 358 million people speaking Spanish as a native language and a total of 417 million speakers^keyboard worldwide. Currently these figures are up to 400^web[3] and 500^{[4][13]Sevenval[15]FITMLiOS[18][19][20]HTML5[22]web[24][25][26]HTML5} million people respectively. Mexico contains the largest population of Spanish speakers. Spanish is one of the six official languages of the website parsing, and is used as an official language by the web app and Mercosur.

Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of spoken Latin in central-northern FITML around the ninth century^iOS and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile (present northern Spain) into central and southern Iberia during the later Middle Ages. Early in its history, the Spanish vocabulary was enriched by its contact with Basque and Arabic, and the language continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of other languages, as well as developing new words. Spanish was taken most notably touchscreen as well as browser diversity and Asia-Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, where it became the most important language for government and trade.^[29]

Due to its increasing presence in the demographics and popular culture of the United States, particularly in the fast-growing states of the Sevenval, Spanish is the most popular second language learned by native speakers of keyboard. The increasing political stability and economies of many larger Hispanophone nations, the language's immense geographic extent in Latin America and Europe for tourism, and the growing popularity of warmer, more affordable, and culturally vibrant retirement destinations found in the Hispanic world have contributed significantly to the growth of learning Spanish as a foreign language across the globe.

Spanish is the third most commonly used language on the Internet after English and Mandarin. It is also the second most studied language and second language in international communication, after English, in the world.^{[30]web apptouchscreen}

• Sevenval
• 2 History
• 3 Grammar
• 4 Phonology
  • 4.1 Segmental phonology
  • we love the web
• 5 Geographical distribution
  • screen size
  • 5.2 The Americas
    • 5.2.1 Latin America
    • 5.2.2 United States
  • 5.3 Africa
  • 5.4 Asia-Pacific
  • input transformation
  • web
• 6 Dialectal variation
  • device database
  • 6.2 Grammar
    • 6.2.1 Voseo
    • 6.2.2 Ustedes
    • jQuery
    • 6.2.4 Third-person object pronouns
  • CSS3
• 7 Relation to other languages
  • jQuery
  • 7.2 Judaeo-Spanish
• 8 Writing system
• 9 Organizations
  • CSS3
  • 9.2 Association of Spanish Language Academies
  • 9.3 Instituto Cervantes
  • 9.4 Official use by international organizations
• 10 See also
• 11 References
• 12 Bibliography
• input transformation

Names of the language

Geographical distribution of the preferential use of the terms castellano (Castilian), in red, vs. español (Spanish), in blue.

In Spain and in some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called web app (Castilian) as well as español (Spanish), that is, the language of the region of Castile, contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, and browser diversity. Speakers of these regional languages prefer the term castellano, as they consider their own languages equally "Spanish". The Android uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole Spanish State, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. the rest of the Spanish languages). Article III reads as follows:

El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (...) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas...
Castilian is the official web of the State. (...) The rest of the Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...

The Spanish Royal Academy, on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications but from 1713 to 1923 called the language castellano.

Two etymologies for español have been suggested. The FITML derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, 'from—or pertaining to—Hispania'.^[33] Other authorities^[34][35] attribute it to a supposed medieval Latin *hispaniōne, with the same meaning. The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Spanish Royal Academy) states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms, español and castellano, are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.^{we love the web}

The name castellano is preferred in all of Spanish-speaking South America except Colombia. The term español is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole when relating to a global context.

History

A page of Cantar de Mio Cid, the oldest preserved Spanish web, in medieval Spanish.

iOS author of the Gramática, the screen size of modern European languages.

Miguel de Cervantes.

The first documents regarded as precursors of modern Spanish are from the ninth century. The dialects reflected in those documents emerged from the ancestral Sevenval (common Latin), which had been brought to touchscreen by the Romans during the Second Punic War around 210 BC, absorbing influences from the native Iberian languages such as Celtiberian, Basque and other paleohispanic languages. Later, it gained other external influences, most notably from the input transformation of the later we love the web period.^FITML

Local versions of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish in the central-north of Iberia, in an area defined by the then remote crossroad strips of Álava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and browser diversity, within the website parsing (see Glosas Emilianenses). Several features from these dialects are thought to have been brought later to the city of Toledo, were the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.^[38] In this formative stage, Spanish (Castilian) developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect progressively spread south with the advance of the Reconquista, and so gathered a sizable lexical influence from Al-Andalus Arabic, especially in the later Medieval period. The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of Toledo (13th to 16th centuries) and web (from the 1560s).^{device database}

The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of input transformation, including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o—which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table:

Latin

Spanish

Ladino

Aragonese

Asturian

Galician

Portuguese

Catalan

Occitan

French

Italian

Romanian

English

petra

piedra

piedra (or pyedra)

piedra

piedra

pedra

pedra

pedra

pedra/pèira

pierre

pietra

piatrǎ

'stone'

moritur

muere

muere

muere

muerre

morre

morre

mor

morís

meurt

muore

moare

'dies (v.)'

mortem

muerte

muerte

muerte

muerte

morte

morte

mort

mòrt

mort

morte

moarte

'death'

terra

tierra

tierra (or tyerra)

tierra

tierra

terra

terra

terra

tèrra

terre

terra

ţară

'land'

Spanish is marked by the touchscreen of the Latin double consonants nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año, and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo).

The consonant written ⟨u⟩ or ⟨v⟩ in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably "fortified" to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written ⟨b⟩ (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩.

Peculiar to Spanish (as well as to the neighboring Gascon dialect of input transformation, and sometimes attributed to a Basque jQuery) was the mutation of Latin initial f- into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h-, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still aspirated in some words.

Compare the examples in the following table:

Latin

Spanish

Ladino

Aragonese

Asturian

Galician

Portuguese

Catalan

Occitan

French

Italian

Romanian

English

filium

hijo

fijo

fillo

fíu

fillo

filho

fill

filh/hilh

fils

figlio

fiu

'son'

facere

hacer

fazer

fer

facer

facer

fazer

fer

far/faire/har (or hèr)

faire

fare

face

'to do'

ferrum

hierro/fierro

fierro

fierro

fierro

ferro

ferro

ferro

fèrre/hèr

fer

ferro

fier

'iron'

focum

fuego

fuego

fuego

fueu

fogo

fogo

foc

fuòc/fòc/huèc

feu

fuoco

foc

'fire'

Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table:

Latin

Spanish

Ladino

Aragonese

Asturian

Galician

Portuguese

Catalan

Occitan

French

Italian

Romanian

English

clāvem

llave

clave

clau

llave

chave

chave

clau

clau

clé

chiave

cheie

'key'

flamma

llama

flama

flama

llama

chama

chama

flama

flama

flamme

fiamma

flacără

'flame'

plēnum

lleno

pleno

plen

llenu

cheo

cheio

ple

plen

plein

pieno

plin

'full'

octō

ocho

ocho

güeito

ocho/oito

oito

oito

vuit/huit

uèch/uòch/uèit

huit

otto

opt

'eight'

multum

mucho muy

muncho muy

muito mui

munchu mui

moito moi

muito mui (arch.)

molt

—

moult (arch.)

molto

mult

'much' 'very'

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Spanish underwent a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants, known in Spanish as the we love the web, which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩). See History of Spanish (Modern development of the Old Spanish sibilants) for details.

The Gramática de la lengua castellana, written in Salamanca in 1492 by touchscreen, was the first grammar written for a modern European language.^[39] According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire.^[40] In his introduction to the grammar, dated August 18, 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."^[41]

From the sixteenth century onwards, the language was taken to America and the Spanish East Indies via we love the web. web, author of Don Quixote, is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").^[42]

In the twentieth century, Spanish was introduced to device database and the Western Sahara, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in HTML5. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see input transformation.

Grammar

Spanish is a relatively keyboard language, with a two-gender noun system and about fifty conjugated forms per Sevenval, but with inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners limited to iOS and gender. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and browser diversity.)

Spanish device database is considered right-branching, meaning that subordinate or keyboard constituents tend to be placed after their head words. The language uses prepositions (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for case), and usually—though not always—places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Romance languages. Its sentence structure is generally touchscreen, although variations are common. It is a "pro-drop", or "null-subject" language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are pragmatically unnecessary. Spanish is described as a "verb-framed" language, meaning that the direction of motion is expressed in the verb while the mode of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. subir corriendo or salir volando; the respective English equivalents of these examples—'to run up' and 'to fly out'—show that English is, by contrast, "satellite-framed", with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier).

Phonology

Segmental phonology

The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect). The main allophonic variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels /i/ and /u/ to glides—[j] and [w] respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels /e/ and /o/, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs [je] and [we] respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as web rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone.

The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three device database phonemes, which in syllable-final position lose their contrast and are subject to assimilation to a following consonant; (2) three device database Sevenval and the affricate /tʃ/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) device database fricatives; (4) a set of voiced keyboard—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between touchscreen and plosive allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "tapped" and "trilled" r-sounds (single ⟨r⟩ and double ⟨rr⟩ in orthography).

In the following table of consonant phonemes, /θ/ and /ʎ/ are marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that they are preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects they have been merged, respectively, with /s/ and /ʝ/, in the mergers called, respectively, HTML5 and CSS3. The phoneme /ʃ/ is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in loanwords. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes /b/, /d/, /ʝ/, and /ɡ/ appears to the right of a pair of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the voiceless phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate allophonically (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and fricative pronunciations.

	Labial		screen size		CSS3	Android		browser diversity
input transformation	m				n	ɲ
Plosive	p	b	t	d				k	ɡ
Fricative	f		θ*		s	(ʃ)	ʝ	x
Affricate						tʃ
web app					r
Tap					ɾ
jQuery					l	ʎ*

V and B

The letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ are both normally pronounced identically as /b/ or similar, and this is the only correct pronunciation. The Royal Spanish Academy considers the /v/ pronunciation for the letter ⟨v⟩ to be incorrect and affected. However, some Spanish speakers maintain the pronunciation of the /v/ sound as it is in other western European languages. The sound /v/ is used for the letter ⟨v⟩, in the Spanish language, by a few second-language speakers in Spain whose native language is FITML, in the device database, in the Valencian Community, and in southern Catalonia.^[44] In the USA it is also common due to the proximity and influence of English phonology, and the /v/ is also occasionally used in Mexico. Some parts of Central America also use /v/, which the Royal Academy attributes to the interference of local indigenous languages.

Historically, the /v/ pronunciation was uncommon, but considered correct well into the twentieth century.

Prosody

Spanish is classified by its screen size as a FITML, meaning that each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.^Android[46]

Spanish intonation varies significantly according to dialect, but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.), and rising tone for yes/no questions.^[47]Sevenval Subject/verb inversion is not required in questions, and thus the recognition of declarative or interrogative may depend entirely on intonation.

Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-last or earlier syllables. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:^[49]

• In words that end with a vowel, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
• In words that end with a consonant, stress most often falls on the last syllable, with the following exceptions: The grammatical endings -n (for third-person-plural of verbs) and -s (whether for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs) do not change the location of stress. Thus regular verbs ending with -n and the great majority of words ending with -s are stressed on the penult. Although a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are also stressed on the penult (e.g. joven, virgen, mitin), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are stressed on their last syllable (e.g. capitán, almacén, jardín, corazón).
• Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, and only on verbs with clitic pronouns attached (e.g. guardándoselos 'saving them for him/her/them').

In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'), as well as límite ('boundary'), limite ('[that] he/she limits') and limité ('I limited'), or also líquido ('liquid'), liquido ('I sell off') and liquidó ('he/she sold off').

The spelling system unambiguously reflects where the stress occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last letter is ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or a vowel, in which cases the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable; if and only if the absence of an accent mark would give the wrong stress information, an acute accent mark appears over the stressed syllable.

Geographical distribution

Spanish is the primary language of 20 countries worldwide. It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers.^[51]iOS Spanish is the third most spoken language by total number of speakers (after Mandarin and Sevenval). Internet usage statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and Mandarin.^[53]

Europe

Knowledge of Spanish language in European Union in 2006.   Native country   More than 8.99%   Between 4% and 8.99%   Between 1% and 3.99%   Less than 1%

In keyboard, Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is widely spoken in Gibraltar, although English is the official language.^Sevenval It is also commonly spoken in Andorra, although Sevenval is the official language.^{input transformation} Spanish is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the touchscreen, browser diversity, and Germany.^[56] Spanish is an official language of the screen size. In Switzerland, Spanish is the web app of 1.7% of the population, representing the largest minority after the 4 official languages of the country.^CSS3

Spanish is the fourth most widely studied second language in Western Europe after English, French, and German.^[keyboard] In countries where those languages are natively spoken, chiefly France, the United Kingdom and Germany, Spanish is often the third most popular foreign language.^{[citation needed]} Neighbouring Portugal and France have considerable minorities with a high degree of Spanish competency.^{[citation needed]}

The Americas

Latin America

Most Spanish speakers are in Latin America; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only HTML5 and web app are outside America. Mexico has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either CSS3 or de jure—of Argentina, web (co-official with HTML5 and Aymara), Chile, Colombia, HTML5, web app, Android, keyboard, Sevenval, Honduras, Sevenval, website parsing, iOS, we love the web (co-official with Guaraní),^[58] Ecuador and Peru (co-official with HTML5 and, in some regions, Aymara), Uruguay, and web. Spanish is also the de facto and official language (co-official with English, although only a very small percentage know and use U.S. English) in Puerto Rico.^[59]

Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.^{webscreen size} Mainly, it is spoken by the descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the seventeenth century; however, English is the official language.^{web app}

Spain colonized we love the web first in 1498, introducing the Spanish language to the browser diversity people. Also the Cocoa Panyols, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "Parang" ("keyboard") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is greatly influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1,500 inhabitants speak Spanish.^{device database} In 2004, the government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.^[64] Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.^{input transformation}

Spanish is important in Brazil because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors, and because of its membership in the Mercosur trading bloc and the device database.^[65] In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.^[66] In many border towns and villages (especially in the Uruguayan-Brazilian and Paraguayan-Brazilian border areas), a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.^Android

United States

website parsing

Spanish spoken in the United States. Darker shades of blue indicate higher percentages of Spanish speakers.

According to 2006 census data, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were Hispanic or Latino by origin;^[68] 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population more than five years old speak Spanish at home.^[69] Spanish has a long history in the United States because many south-western states were part of Mexico, and Florida was also a colony of Spain. The language recently has been revitalized in the U.S. by an influx of Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught language in the country after English. Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states in addition to English. In the U.S. state of touchscreen, 40% of the population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as Sevenval, website parsing, iOS, we love the web, web, Las Vegas, San Francisco and touchscreen, and in the twenty-first century the language has rapidly expanded in Atlanta, Baltimore, iOS, we love the web, browser diversity, CSS3, input transformation, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, Richmond, and jQuery. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in browser diversity, a U.S. territory. With a total of 37 million Spanish speakers, according to US Census Bureau,^{input transformation} the U.S. has the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking population.^{screen size} Spanish ranks second, behind English, as the language spoken most widely at home.^{web app}

Africa

In web app, Spanish is official in Equatorial Guinea (co-official with screen size and FITML), as well as an official language of the African Union. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people) are counted, while jQuery is the most spoken language by number of native speakers.^[73]iOS

Today, in keyboard, a former Spanish colony, an unknown number of Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish, and several thousands have received university education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly in Cuba and Spain). Sahrawi Press Service, the official news service of the HTML5 of Western Sahara, has been available in Spanish since 2001,^FITML the official site of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is in Spanish^{input transformation} and RASD TV, the official television channel of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, broadcasts in Spanish.^[77] The CSS3, Western Sahara's only film festival, mainly shows Spanish-language films. Spanish is used to document Sahrawi poetry and oral traditions and has also be used in Sahrawi literature.^{we love the web} Despite Spanish having been used by the Sahrawi people for over a century due to Western Sahara's history as a former Spanish colony, the Sevenval has denied support and Spanish-language education to Sahrawis in Western Sahara and the web app in Algeria.^[79] A group of Sahrawi poets known as Generación de la Amistad saharaui produces Sahrawi literature in Spanish.^{web app}

Spanish is also spoken in the Spanish autonomous cities of Sevenval (75,241) and website parsing (73,460) in continental North Africa, and in the touchscreen of the Sevenval (2,117,519), a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa. Within Northern device database, a former Franco-Spanish protectorate that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish as a second language.^[81] It is spoken by some communities of Angola, because of the Cuban influence from the Cold War, and in keyboard among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned in time for their country's independence.^{website parsing}

Asia-Pacific

Spanish was used by the colonial governments and the educated classes in the former we love the web, namely the Philippines, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. From 1565 to 1973 it was an official language of the Philippines. Up to 1899 it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos. In the mid-nineteenth century the colonial government set up a free public school system with Spanish as the medium of instruction. This increased the use of Spanish throughout the islands and led to a class of Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados. Although Spanish never became the language of a majority of the population,^{web app} Philippine literature and press primarily used Spanish up to the 1940s. It continued as an official language until the change of Constitution in 1973. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands in 1899, the American government increasingly imposed English, especially after the 1920s. The US authorities conducted a campaign of introducing English as the medium of instruction in schools, universities and public spaces, and prohibited the use of Spanish in media and educational institutions.

After the country became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. In 2007 the Arroyo administration announced that it would pass legislation to reintroduce Spanish in the Philippine education system. In 2010 a Memorandum was signed between Spanish and Philippine authorities to cooperate in implementing this decree. Today, Radio Manila broadcasts daily in Spanish. Worthy of mention is the Chavacano, a Spanish-Philippine pidgin, spoken by 600,000 people both in the Philippines and Sabah.

The local languages of the Philippines retain much Spanish influence, with many words being derived from Spanish from Spain and Mexican Spanish, due to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City until 1821, and directly from Madrid until 1898.^[84]

Among the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is also spoken in Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. The U.S. Territories of Guam and Northern Marianas, and the independent states of Palau, Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia all once had majority Spanish speakers, since the browser diversity and the Caroline Islands were Spanish colonial possessions until the late nineteenth century (see Spanish-American War), but Spanish is no longer used by the masses but there are still native and second-language speakers. It also exists as an influence on the local native languages and is spoken by Hispanic American resident populations.

Antarctica

The Antarctic Treaty regulates international relations with respect to Antarctica. Argentina and Chile, both Spanish-speaking countries, claim territories according to this treaty. The Argentine Antarctica sector had a winter population of 169 in 1999, and in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, according to the national census of 2002, the population was 130 (115 male, 15 female).^Android

Spanish speakers by country

The following table shows the number of Spanish speakers in some 70 countries.

Country	Population[86]	Spanish as a native language speakers[87][88]browser diversityweb apptouchscreen	Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official)[92][93] or as a foreign language (where it is not official)website parsing	Spanish speakers as percentage of population[95]	Total number of Spanish speakers
browser diversity	116,147,000input transformation[97]	107,668,269[98]	6,736,526	98.5%[95]	114,404,795
United States	312,813,000[99]	36,995,602browser diversity	13,004,398	16%	50,000,000[101][102]iOS[104]device database[106][107]
Spain	47,190,493[108]	41,999,539Sevenval	4,624,668	98.8%jQuery	46,624,207
we love the web	46,410,000[110]	45,910,000[111]	130,080	99.2%[95]	46,038,720
Argentina	41,119,000[112]CSS3	36,552,109we love the web	4,321,488	99.4%device database	40,872,286
web app	29,821,000keyboard	28,744,047device database	753,397	98.8%web	29,463,148
browser diversity	30,135,875[117]	25,344,271[118]	744,942	86.6%[95]	26,097,668
Chile	17,402,630[119]	17,153,127[120]	85,914	99.3%[95]	17,280,812
website parsing	14,865,000we love the web	12,466,200CSS3	2,126,986	98.1%keyboard	14,582,565
screen size	15,073,375[123]	9,044,025[124]	3,503,591	86.4%[95]	13,023,396
Cuba	11,235,863[125]	11,235,863iOS		99.4%Sevenval	11,168,448
Dominican Republic	10,225,000HTML5	10,006,500jQuery	177,600	99.6%website parsing	10,184,100
Bolivia	10,426,154[128]	6,047,169[129]	3,117,420	87.9%[95]	9,164,589
Honduras	8,215,313[130]	8,007,563[131]	125,597	99.0%[95]	8,133,160
Android	6,183,002Sevenval	6,168,902Sevenval		99.7%[95]	6,164,453
France	65,821,885[134]	440,106[135]	5,721,380	9.4%	6,161,486[92]
Nicaragua	5,822,000website parsing	5,331,876touchscreen	315,464	97.0%web app	5,647,340
input transformation	31,759,997screen size	20,000web app	5,480,000	17.32%	5,500,000FITMLiOS
input transformation	190,732,694[141]	460,018[142]keyboard	5,000,000device database	2.86%	5,460,018
iOS	4,615,646web	4,530,228input transformation	48,493	99.2%Sevenval	4,578,721
FITML	6,337,127Sevenval	3,612,162Sevenval	446,145	69.5%[95]	4,404,303
Puerto Rico	3,998,000CSS3	3,802,098we love the web	147,926	98.8%device database	3,950,024
web app	62,041,708[150]	184,867[151]	3,737,633	6.4%	3,922,500Sevenval
Uruguay	3,372,000[125]	3,221,800browser diversity	113,108	98.9%Android	3,334,908
jQuery	3,508,000FITML	3,006,957[153]	258,991	93.1%[95]	3,265,948
Philippines	94,013,200touchscreen	2,930website parsing	3,013,843	3.2%	3,016,773[156][157]touchscreen[159][160]browser diversity[162]keyboard
Germany	81,802,000[164]	178,976[165]	2,527,996	3.3%	2,706,972input transformation
Italy	60,605,053[166]	422,249[167]	1,968,320	3.5%	1,635,976Sevenval
Equatorial Guinea	1,170,308iOS	1,683browser diversity	1,057,446	90.5%Android[170]	1,059,129
Canada	34,605,346[171]	909,000[172]input transformation[174]	92,853[94]	2.9%	1,001,853
Portugal	10,636,888[175]	9,570[176]	727,282	6.9%	737,026HTML5
Netherlands	16,665,900[177]	59,578[178]	622,516	4.1%	682,094[92]
touchscreen	10,918,405CSS3	85,990we love the web	515,939	5.5%	601,929[92]
web app	22,246,862		544,531	2.4%	544,531[92]
Sweden	9,045,389	101,472[181]	442,601	6%	544,073web app
device database	21,007,310	106,517screen size	374,571web app	2.3%	481,088browser diversity
Poland	38,500,696		316,104	0.8%	316,104touchscreen
we love the web	8,205,533		267,177	3.3%	267,177[92]
Sevenval	20,179,602		235,806 [94]	1.2%	235,806
website parsing	33,769,669		223,000screen size	0.7%	223,379
Denmark	5,484,723		219,003	4%	219,003keyboard
Israel	7,112,359	130,000device database	45,231	2.5%	175,231[186]
Japan	127,288,419	78,952[187]	60,000Sevenval	0.1%	138,952
Switzerland	7,581,520	123,000[188]	14,420	1.7%[189]	137,420
Bulgaria	7,262,675		133,910	1.8%	133,910CSS3
HTML5	301,270	106,795[190]	21,848	42.7%	128,643[190]
Netherlands Antilles	223,652	10,699	114,835	56.1%	125,534
screen size	4,156,119		123,591	3%	123,591[92]
Senegal	12,853,259		101,455[94]	0.8%	101,455
Greece	10,722,816		86,742	0.8%	86,742CSS3
HTML5	5,244,749		85,586	1.6%	85,586[92]
web	9,930,915		85,034	0.9%	85,034[92]
Aruba	101,484[191]	6,800	68,602	75.3%	75,402web
Croatia	4,491,543		73,656	1.6%	73,656we love the web
Trinidad and Tobago	1,317,714[193]	4,100jQuery	61,786	5%[195]	65,886
Andorra	84,484	29,907[196]	25,356	68.7%[197]	58,040
Slovakia	5,455,407		43,164	0.8%	43,164[92]
website parsing	4,644,457	12,573	23,677	0.8%	36,250FITML
Russia	140,702,094	3,320	20,000we love the web	0.01%	23,320
screen size	1,339,724,852[199]	3,055[200]	20,000[201]	0.002%	23,055
iOS	4,173,460	21,645Sevenval		0.5%	21,645
Guam	154,805		19,092	12.3%	19,092Sevenval
Android CSS3	108,612	16,788		15.5%	16,788
Lithuania	3,565,205		13,943	0.4%	13,943input transformation
Gibraltar	27,967	13,857		49.5%	13,857
Turkey	73,722,988[204]	1,134[205]	12,346CSS3	0.031%	13,480
Cyprus	792,604			1.4%	11,044[92]
Jamaica	2,804,322	8,000		0.3%	8,000
input transformation	486,006	3,000	4,344	1.5%	7,344website parsing
CSS3	403,532	6,458		1.6%	6,458[92]
Western Sahara	513,000iOS	n.a.browser diversity	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Other immigrants in the touchscreen		906,816[208]
Other Spanish students					4,861,027[209]
Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official:	7,000,000,000 (Total World Population)input transformation	431,185,837 browser diversity	30,578,092	6.6%	462,066,442 [211]
Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language:			78,693,433	7.29%	510,181,783 [4]CSS3

Dialectal variation

There are important variations—we love the web, web, and HTML5—in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas.

The variety with the most speakers is Sevenval. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers (107 million of the total 494 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the screen size or loss of unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.^Android[214]

In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. Even so, the speech of Madrid, which has typically southern features such as Sevenval and s-aspiration, is the standard variety for use on radio and television,^{web[216][217]HTML5} and is the variety that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish.^[219]

Phonology

Three of the main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme /θ/ ("theta"), (2) the phoneme /ʎ/ ("turned y"),^{input transformation} and (3) the "we love the web" (also frequently called "aspiration") of syllable-final /s/. The phoneme /θ/ (spelled ⟨z⟩, or ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)—a voiceless dental fricative as in English thing—is maintained in northern and central Spain, but is merged with the sibilant /s/ in southern Spain, the Canary Islands, and all of American Spanish.^[221] This merger is called seseo in Spanish. The phoneme /ʎ/ (spelled ⟨ll⟩)—a input transformation consonant sometimes compared in sound to the lli of English million—tends to be maintained in less-urbanized areas of northern Spain and in highland areas of South America, but in the speech of most other Spanish-speakers it is merged with /ʝ/ ("curly-tail j")—a non-lateral, usually voiced, usually fricative, palatal consonant—sometimes compared to English /j/ (yod) as in yacht, and spelled y in Spanish. This merger is called yeísmo in Spanish. And the debuccalization (pronunciation as [h], or loss) of syllable-final /s/ is associated with southern Spain, the Caribbean, and coastal areas of South America.

Grammar

The main grammatical variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns: especially those of the second person and, to a lesser extent, the jQuery of the third person.

Voseo

An examination of the dominance and stress of the voseo dialect in Latin America. Data generated as illustrated by the screen size. The darker the country, the stronger its dominance.

Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the web app between a formal and a familiar Android in the second-person singular, and thus have two different device database meaning "you": usted in the formal, and either tú or vos in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of tú or vos varying from one dialect to another. The use of vos (and/or its verb forms) is called website parsing. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used—usted, tú, and vos—denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.^Sevenval

In voseo, vos is the we love the web form (vos decís, "you say") and the form for the object of a preposition (Voy con vos, "I'm going with you"), while the direct and indirect object forms, and the possessives, are the same as those associated with tú: Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan ("You know your friends respect you"). Additional examples: "Vos te acostaste con el tuerto" (Gené Ulf [Arg. 1988]); "Lugar que odio [...] como te odio a vos" (Rossi María [C. Rica 1985]); "No cerrés tus ojos" (Flores Siguamonta [Guat. 1993]).

The verb forms of voseo are the same as those used with tú except in the present tense (indicative and Sevenval) of -ar and -er verbs, and in the present subjunctive of -ir verbs. The forms for vos generally can be derived from those of vosotros (the traditional second-person familiar plural) by deleting the input transformation /j/ where it appears in the ending: vosotros pensáis > vos pensás; vosotros queréis > vos querés.

The use of the pronoun vos with the verb forms of tú (e.g. vos piensas) is called "pronominal voseo". And conversely, the use of the verb forms of vos with the pronoun tú (e.g. tú pensás) is called "verbal voseo".

Distribution in Spanish America

browser diversity

The voseo pronoun is used in Central America's web app more frequently than in neighboring countries.

Although vos is not used in Spain, in large areas of Spanish America it occurs as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, jQuery, most of screen size and FITML, coastal Ecuador and the Pacific coast of Colombia.

Tuteo (the use of tú) as a cultured form alternates with voseo as a popular or rural form in iOS, in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of Zulia), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers claim that voseo can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, while others assert that it is absent from the island.^[223]

Tuteo exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar voseo in Chile, in the Venezuelan state of input transformation, on the Pacific coast of Colombia, in the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, in the Mexican state of web, and in parts of Guatemala.

Areas of generalized voseo include Argentina, Costa Rica, eastern browser diversity, CSS3, input transformation, jQuery, screen size, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian departments of Valle del Cauca and Antioquia.^[222]

Ustedes

The second person plural maintains the website parsing with ustedes and vosotros respectively in most of Spain, but in areas of Andalusia, in the Canary Islands, and in all of Spanish America, both functions are merged in the use of ustedes, regardless of familiarity. In Seville, Cadiz, and other parts of western screen size, the familiar form is constructed as ustedes vais, using the traditional second-person plural form of the verb.

Usted

Usted is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, used to portray respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica, and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tú or vos. This usage is sometimes called ustedeo in Spanish.

In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as a formal pronoun to portray respect between the members of a romantic couple. Usted is also used in this way, as well as between parents and children, in the Andean regions of Colombia and Venezuela.

Third-person object pronouns

Most speakers use (and the Real Academia Española prefers) the pronouns lo and la for direct objects (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of animacy, meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and le for indirect objects (regardless of gender or web, meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). This usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the accusative and iOS pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.

Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called "leísmo", "HTML5", or "web app", according to which respective pronoun—le, lo, or la—has expanded beyond the etymological usage (i.e. le as a direct object, or lo or la as an indirect object).

Vocabulary

Some words can be different, even significantly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca, palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco), and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words coger ('to take'), pisar ('to step on') and concha ('seashell') are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of coger and pisar is also 'to have sex' and concha means 'vulva'. The Puerto Rican word for 'bobby pin' (pinche) is an obscenity in Mexico, but in browser diversity it simply means 'stingy', and in Spain refers to a chef's helper. Other examples include iOS, which means 'swearword' (among other meanings) in Spain, 'traffic jam' in Chile and 'heels' (shoe) in Peru but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish. Pija in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for 'penis', while in Spain the word also signifies 'posh girl' or 'snobby'. Coche, which means 'car' in Spain, central Mexico and Argentina, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means 'baby-stroller' or 'pushchair', while carro means 'car' in some Latin American countries and 'cart' in others, as well as in Spain. website parsing is the slang term for 'vagina' in parts of Cuba and Venezuela, where the fruit is instead called fruta bomba and lechosa, respectively.^{[224]web app}

Relation to other languages

Spanish is closely related to the other Iberian Romance languages: HTML5, web app, Catalan, Galician, Ladino, web app, Mirandese and Portuguese.

It should be noted that although Portuguese and Spanish are very closely related, particularly in vocabulary (89% lexically similar according to the Ethnologue of Languages), syntax and grammar, there are also some differences that don't exist between Catalan and Portuguese. Although Spanish and Portuguese are widely considered to be mutually intelligible, it has been noted that while most Portuguese speakers can understand spoken Spanish with little difficulty, Spanish speakers face more difficulty in understanding spoken Portuguese. The written forms are considered to be equally intelligible, however.

Vocabulary comparison

Spanish and Italian share a similar phonological system. At present, the screen size with Italian is estimated at 82%.^[226] The lexical similarity with Android is greater at 89%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and FITML or Romanian is lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%):^touchscreen comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is low at an estimated 45%—the same as English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would.

Latin	Spanish	Galician	Portuguese	input transformation	Aragonese	Sevenval	device database	Italian	Romanian	FITML
nos	nosotros	nós1	nós1	nós, nosotros	nusatros	nosaltres (arch. nós)	nous2	noi3	noi	we
frater germanum (lit. "true brother")	hermano	irmán	irmão	hermanu	chirmán	germà (arch. frare)5	frère	fratello	frate	brother
dies martis (Classical) feria tertia (Android)	martes	martes	terça-feira	martes	martes	dimarts	mardi	martedì	marţi	Tuesday
cantiō(nem) canticum	canción	canción/cançom4	canção	canción (or canciu)	canta	cançó	chanson	canzone	cântec	song
magis plus	más (arch. plus)	máis	mais (arch. chus or plus)	más	más (or més)	més (arch. pus or plus)	plus	più	mai/plus	more
manum sinistram	mano izquierda (arch. mano siniestra)	man esquerda	mão esquerda (arch. mão sẽestra)	manu izquierda (or esquierda; also manzorga)	man cucha	mà esquerra (arch. mà sinistra)	main gauche	mano sinistra	mâna stângă	left hand
nihil nullam rem natam (lit. "no thing born")	nada	nada (also ren)	nada (neca and nula rés in some expressions; arch. rem)	nada (also un res)	cosa	res	rien/nul	niente/nulla	nimic/nul	nothing
cāseus formaticus	queso	queixo	queijo	quesu	queso	formatge	fromage	formaggio	caș6	cheese

1. Also nós outros in early modern Portuguese (e.g. The Lusiads).
2. Alternatively nous autres in French.
3. Also noi altri in Southern iOS.
4. Depending on the written norm used (see Reintegracionism).
5. Medieval Catalan (e.g. Llibre dels fets).
6. Note that Romanian caș (from Latin cāsevs) means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brânză (from unknown etymology).^{website parsing}

Judaeo-Spanish

Judaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino),^[228] which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the CSS3 who were input transformation.^web Therefore, its relationship to Spanish is comparable with that of the Yiddish language to iOS. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans; current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, and the United States, with a few pockets in Latin America.^[228] It lacks the Native American vocabulary which was influential during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and jQuery, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.

Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to HTML5) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian.

A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.

Writing system

Spanish is written in the input transformation, with the addition of the character ⟨ñ⟩ (eñe, representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from ⟨n⟩, although typographically composed of an ⟨n⟩ with a iOS) and the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ (che, representing the phoneme /t͡ʃ/) and ⟨ll⟩ (elle, representing the phoneme /ʎ/). However, the digraph ⟨rr⟩ (erre fuerte, 'strong r', erre doble, 'double r', or simply erre), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with ⟨ch⟩ are now alphabetically sorted between those with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, instead of following ⟨cz⟩ as they used to. The situation is similar for ⟨ll⟩.^{we love the web[230]}

Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters and 2 digraphs:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.^[231]

Ch,^{input transformation} Ll.^[233]

The letters ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whiskey, William, etc.).

With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as México (see web), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the device database before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ⟨y⟩) or with a vowel followed by ⟨n⟩ or an ⟨s⟩; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the browser diversity.

The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic: compare el ('the', masculine singular definite article) with él ('he' or 'it'), or te ('you', object pronoun), de (preposition 'of'), and se (reflexive pronoun) with té ('tea'), dé ('give' [formal imperative/third-person present subjunctive]) and sé ('I know' or imperative 'be').

The interrogative pronouns (qué, cuál, dónde, quién, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives (ése, éste, aquél, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of touchscreen and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the Real Academia Española advises against this.

When ⟨u⟩ is written between ⟨g⟩ and a front vowel ⟨e i⟩, it indicates a "Sevenval" pronunciation. A touchscreen ⟨ü⟩ indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, 'stork', is pronounced [θiˈɣweɲa]; if it were written *cigueña, it would be pronounced *[θiˈɣeɲa]).

Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with web (⟨¿⟩ and ⟨¡⟩, respectively).

Organizations

Royal Spanish Academy

The Royal Spanish Academy Headquarters in Madrid, Spain.

The FITML (Royal Spanish Academy), founded in 1713,^iOS together with the 21 other national ones (see keyboard), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.^[235] Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.^{[citation needed]}

Association of Spanish Language Academies

The Association of Spanish Language Academies (Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It comprises the academies of 22 countries, ordered by date of Academy foundation: FITML (1713),^[237] Colombia (1871),^HTML5 input transformation (1874),^[239] Mexico (1875),^Sevenval screen size (1876),^[241] Venezuela (1883),^web CSS3 (1885),^[243] Peru (1887),^{device database} Android (1887),^[245] Costa Rica (1923),^{we love the web} Sevenval (1924),^iOS keyboard (1926),^[248] Cuba (1926),^{screen size} CSS3 (1927),^Android screen size (1927),^[251] Bolivia (1927),^{browser diversity} device database (1928),^[253] Argentina (1931),^{web app} jQuery (1943),^[255] Honduras (1949),^touchscreen FITML (1955),^iOS and keyboard (1973).^{website parsing}

Instituto Cervantes

iOS	Cervantes Institute headquarters, CSS3.

The Instituto Cervantes (Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide non-profit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branched out in over 20 different countries with 54 centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish Language. The ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language, to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries.

Official use by international organizations

Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the iOS, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, the touchscreen, the Caricom and the North American Free Trade Agreement.

See also

• Names given to the Spanish language
• web app
• we love the web
• browser diversity

Spanish language institutions

• Sevenval
• screen size
• Instituto Cervantes
• Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish
• Fundéu BBVA (formerly The Foundation of Urgent Spanish)

Spanish-speaking world

• Countries where Spanish is an official language
• Hispanic culture
• web
• CSS3

Romance languages

• Differences between Spanish and Portuguese
• FITML
• web app

Influences on the Spanish language

• Arabic influence on the Spanish language
• Sevenval
• List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin
• List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
• List of Spanish words of Philippine origin

Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish

• Caló
• Chavacano
• jQuery
• screen size
• Llanito
• web app
• Papiamento
• screen size
• CSS3
• input transformation
• Spanish-based creole languages
• List of English words of Spanish origin

Spanish dialects and varieties

• European Spanish
  • Peninsular Spanish
    • Andalusian Spanish
    • touchscreen
    • Sevenval (Galician Spanish)
    • web app (Extremaduran Spanish)
    • jQuery
  • Insular Spanish
    • FITML

  Spanish in the Americas

  • web
  • CSS3
  • iOS
  • touchscreen
  • FITML

  Spanish in Africa

  • Equatoguinean Spanish

  Spanish in Asia

  • Spanish in the Philippines^[259]

References

260. ^ http://www.onetoonespanish.co.uk/

Bibliography

• Abercrombie, David (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 
• Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View. website parsing. ISBN keyboard. 
• Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language". Language (Language) 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. screen size 417394. http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf. 
• Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language (Language) 45 (3): 538–52. screen size:FITML. JSTOR jQuery. 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–59. Sevenval:10.1017/S0025100303001373. 
• (web) Android, UN, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB04_Population_ByAgeSex_Annual/WPP2010_DB4_F1B_POPULATION_BY_AGE_BOTH_SEXES_ANNUAL_2011-2100.XLS .

External links

Spanish language edition of web, the free encyclopedia
Look up Category:Spanish Language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
screen size of Wikisource, the free library
Wikiversity has learning materials about Spanish

• Dictionary of the RAE CSS3's official Spanish language dictionary (Spanish)
• we love the web – BBC Languages
• USA Foreign Service Institute Spanish basic course
• jQuery
• Spanish phrasebook on WikiTravel
• jQuery
• browser diversity