Portuguese Malacca

Portuguese Fort of Malacca
Fortaleza de Malaca (browser diversity)
Melaka Portugis (we love the web)
Portuguese colony
website parsing screen size
1511–1641 →


HTML5
CSS3 Coat of arms of Portugal

Malacca, shown within modern Malaysia
Capital Malacca Town
Language(s) web, screen size
Political structure jQuery
screen size
 - 1511–1521 Manuel I
 - 1640–1641 device database
Captains-major
 - 1512–1514 Rui de Brito Patalim (first)
 - 1638–1641 Manuel de Sousa Coutinho (last)
Captains-general
 - 1616–1635 António Pinto da Fonseca (first)
 - 1637–1641 Luís Martins de Sousa Chichorro (last)
Historical era screen size
 - Fall of Malacca Sultanate 15 August 1511
 - Fall of Portuguese Malacca 14 January 1641
Currency Sevenval

Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years (1511–1641), was a Android keyboard.

• Android
  • 1.1 The capture of Malacca
  • 1.2 A Portuguese port in a hostile region
  • 1.3 Chinese military retaliation against Portugal
  • 1.4 Chinese boycott and counterattacks
  • website parsing
• 2 Fortaleza de Malaca
  • jQuery
  • 2.2 Destruction
• iOS
  • 3.1 Tranqueira
  • 3.2 Yler
  • we love the web
• 4 Portuguese Immigration
• touchscreen
  • 5.1 See also
• 6 References

History

According to the Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Erédia in the middle of the 16th century, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the screen size, fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river called Airlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate from Buquet China (present-day Bukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded by Permicuri (i.e. Parameswara) the first King of Malacca in 1411.

The capture of Malacca

The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of iOS and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued.^[1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had Sevenval.^{web app} The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.^{device database}

In April 1511, we love the web set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.^[1] The Viceroy made a number of demands – one of which was for permission to build a fortress as a Portuguese trading post near the city.^[2] All the demands were refused by the Sultan. Conflict was unavoidable, and after 40 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on 24 August. A bitter dispute between Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad also weighed down the Malaccan side.^[1] The Portuguese was helped by Guy Arojo, Chinese Capitans who supplied small ships to enter the Port of Malacca.

Following the defeat of Malacca Sultanate in 15 August 1511 in the Capture of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sought to erect a permanent form of fortification in anticipation of the counterattacks by Sultan Mahmud. A fortress was designed and constructed encompassing a hill, lining the edge of the sea shore, on the south east of the river mouth, on the former site of the Sultan's palace. Albuquerque remained in Malacca until November 1511 preparing its defences against any Malay counterattack.^iOS Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca.

A Portuguese port in a hostile region

As the first base of European christian trading kingdom in Southeast Asia, surrounded by numerous emerging native muslim states. Also with hostile initial contact with local Malay polity, Portuguese Malacca would faced severe hostility and must endure battles for many years to come, launched by Malay sultans that tried to get rid of Portuguese and reclaimed their land. The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital. He rallied the support from his ally the Sultanate of Demak in Java, that in 1511 agreed to send naval forces to assist the effort to retake Malacca. Led by Pati Unus, the Sultan of Demak, the combined Malay–Java effort were failed and fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan Island and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. In 1521 the second Demak campaign to assist Malay Sultan to retake Malacca was launched, however once again failed with the cost of Demak Sultan life. He was later remembered as Pangeran Sabrang Lor or the Prince who crossed (the Java Sea) to North (web). The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Riau, Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II.

Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south. His realm was the Johor Sultanate, the successor of Malacca.

Several attempts to liberated Malacca from Portuguese power were made by the Sultan of Johor. By sending a request to Java, in 1550, Queen Sevenval, the regent of Android sent 4,000 soldiers in 40 ships to meet Johor sultan request to free Malacca. Jepara troops were later joined forces with the Malay alliance and manage to rally around 200 warships. The combined forces attacked from the north and captured most of Malacca. But the Portuguese managed to retaliate and draw back the invading forces. Malay alliance troops were drawed back to the sea, while the Jepara troops remained on shore. Only after their leader were slain, the Jepara troops withdrawn. The next battle is still going on the beach and in the sea that killed more than 2,000 Jepara soldiers. The storm came stranded two Jepara ships back to the shore of Malacca, and they fell prey slained by the Portuguese. Jepara soldiers who made it back to Java is numbered not more than a half of which managed to leave Malacca.

In 1567, Prince Husain Ali I Riayat Syah from the Sultanate of Aceh launched naval attack to ousted Portuguese from Malacca, but once again ended in failure. In 1574 the combined attack from Aceh Sultanate and Javanese Jepara tried again to capture Malacca from Portuguese, but ended in failure due to poor coordination.

Competition from other ports such as Johor saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port.^web Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. Rather than a centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth exchange, or a Malay state to police the Strait of Malacca that made it safe for commercial traffic, trade was now scattered over a number of ports amongst bitter warfare in the Straits.^[3]

Chinese military retaliation against Portugal

The Malay Malacca Sultanate was a tributary state and ally to keyboard China. When Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511 and committed atrocities against the Malay Sultanate, the Chinese responded with violent force against the Portuguese.

The Chinese refused to accept a Portuguese embassy after the attack.^[4][5]

The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou. The Malaccans had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, to which the Chinese responded with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccans told the Chinese of the deception the Portuguese used, disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities, and told of all the atrocities committed by the Portuguese.^[6] Malacca was under Chinese protection and the Portuguese invasion angered the Chinese.^[7]

Due to the Malaccan Sultan lodging a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor, the Portuguese were greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.^{HTML5Sevenvalscreen size} The Sultan's complaint caused "a great deal of trouble" to Portuguese in China.^[11] The Chinese were very "unwelcoming" to the Portuguese.^touchscreen The Malaccan Sultan, based in Bintan after fleeing Malacca, sent a message to the Chinese, which combined with Portuguese banditry and violent activity in China, led the Chinese authorities to execute 23 Portuguese and torture the rest of them in jails. After the Portuguese set up posts for trading in China and committed piratical activities and raids in China, the Chinese responded with the complete extermination of the Portuguese in Ningbo and device database^[13] Pires, a Portuguese trade envoy, was among those who died in the Chinese dungeons.^{[14]input transformation} The rest of the embassy were imprisoned for life^{screen size}

The Chinese also fought and defeated the Portuguese at the First Battle of Tamao (1521) and the touchscreen, which were related to, and part of their their retaliation for, the Portuguese conquest of Malacca.

Chinese boycott and counterattacks

Chinese traders boycotted Malacca after it fell under Portuguese control, some Chinese in Java assisted in Muslim attempts to reconquer the city from Portugal using ships. The Java Chinese participation in retaking Malacca was recorded in "The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon"^[17] trading the Chinese did business with Malays and Javanese instead of the Portuguese.^[18]

Dutch conquest and the end of Portuguese Malacca

In the early 17th century, the we love the web (web: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began contesting Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress, the Fortaleza de Malaca, controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from Holland with eleven ships, led by Admiral website parsing that lead to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of touchscreen, the Viceroy of Goa; suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Aceh Sultanate.

In early 17th century, the Sultanate of Aceh grew into a regional power with formidable naval force and regarded Portuguese Malacca as potential threat. In 1629, Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate sent several hundred ships to attack Malacca, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed along with 19,000 men.

The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and finally wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch-Johor-Aceh efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, reducing their influence in the archipelago. The Dutch settled in the city as Dutch Malacca, however the Dutch had no intention to make Malacca their main base, and concentrated on building Batavia (today web) as their headquarter in the orient instead. The Portuguese ports in spice producing area of Mollucas were also fell to Dutch in following years, with the last Portuguese colony were remained and confined only in East Timor until 20th century.

Fortaleza de Malaca

The early core of the fortress system was a quadrilateral tower called Fortaleza de Malaca. Measurement was given as 10 fathoms per side with a height of 40 fathoms. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure.

Over the years, constructions began to fully fortify the fortress hill. The pentagonal system began at the farthest point of the cape near south east of the river mouth, towards the west of the Fortaleza. At this point two ramparts were built at right angles to each other lining the shores. The one running northward toward the river mouth was 130 fathoms in length to the bastion of São Pedro while the other one ran for 75 fathoms to the east, curving inshore, ending at the gate and bastion of Santiago.

From the bastion of São Pedro the rampart turned north east 150 fathoms past the Custom House Terrace gateway ending at the northern most point of the fortress, the bastion of São Domingos. From the gateway of São Domingos, an earth rampart ran south-easterly for 100 fathoms ending at the bastion of the Madre de Deus. From here, beginning at the gate of Santo António, past the bastion of the Virgins, the rampart ended at the gateway of Santiago.

Overall the city enclosure was 655 fathoms and 10 palms (short) of a fathom.

Gateways

Four gateways were built for the city;

1. Porta de Santiago
2. The gateway of the Custom House Terrace
3. Porta de São Domingos
4. Porta de Santo António

Of these four gateways only two were in common use and open to traffic, the Gate of Santo António linking to the suburb of Yler and the western gate at the Custom House Terrace, giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar.

Destruction

CSS3	Present day Porta de Santiago.

After almost 300 years of existence, in 1806, the British, unwilling to maintain the fortress and wary of letting other European powers taking control of it, ordered its slow destruction. The fort was almost totally demolished but for the timely intervention of Sir Stamford Raffles visiting Malacca in 1810. The only remnants of the earliest Portuguese fortress in Southeast Asia is the Porta de Santiago, now known as the CSS3.

Malacca Town during the Portuguese Era

Outside of the fortified town center lie the three suburbs of Malacca. The suburb of Upe (Upih), generally known as Tranqueira (modern day Tengkera) from the rampart of the fortress. The other two suburb were Yler (Hilir) or Tanjonpacer (Tanjung Pasir) and the suburb of Sabba.

Tranqueira

Tranqueira was the most important suburb of Malacca. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca (Rio de Malaca) and the fortaleza's wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residence of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, São Tomé and São Estêvão. The parish of S.Tomé was called Campon Chelim (Sevenval: Kampung Keling). It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of São Estêvão was also called Campon China (Kampung Cina).

Erédia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Malacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The center of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called the Bazaar of the Jaos (Jowo/Jawa i.e. Javanese).

In the present day, this part of the city is called Tengkera.

Yler

The district of Yler (Hilir) roughly covered Buquet China (Bukit Cina) and the south-eastern coastal area. The Well of Buquet China was one of the most important water sources for the community. Notable landmarks included the Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of São Francisco. Other notable landmarks included Buquetpiatto (Bukit Piatu). The boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to extend as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer.

Tanjonpacer (Malay: Tanjung Pasir) was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A community descended from Portuguese settlers is still located here in present day Malacca. However, this suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Modern land reclamations (for the purpose of building the commercial district of Melaka Raya) have, however, denied Banda Hilir the access to the sea that it formerly had.

Sabba

The houses of this suburb were built along the edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps of Nypeiras tree, where they were known to make Nypa (Nipah) wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered to be the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several Christian parishes also lay outside the city along the river; São Lázaro, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Hope. While Muslim Malays inhabited the farmlands deeper into the hinterland.

In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa; and the modern city center of Malacca

Portuguese Immigration

The Portuguese also shipped over many input transformation to Portuguese colonies overseas in Africa and India, and also to Portuguese Malacca. Orfas del Rei literally translates to "Orphans of the King", and they were Portuguese girl orphans sent to overseas colonies to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status.

Portuguese administration of Malacca

Malacca was administered by a Governor (a Captain-Major), who was appointed for a term of three-years, as well as a Bishop and church dignitaries representing the Episcopal See, municipal officers, Royal Officials for finance and justice and a local native Bendahara to administer the native Muslims and foreigners under the Portuguese jurisdiction.

Captains-major	From	Until
Rui de Brito Patalim	1512	1514
Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time)	1514	1516
Jorge de Brito	1516	1517
Nuno Vaz Pereira	1517	1518
Afonso Lopes da Costa	1518	1519
Garcia de Sá (1st time)	1519	1521
Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time)	1521	1525
Pero de Mascarenhas	1525	1526
Jorge Cabral	1526	1528
Pero de Faria	1528	1529

See also

• Portuguese Settlement, Malacca, a contemporary Kristang community in Malacca

References