distribution:
-
Malayo-Polynesian
- Sulu–Philippines ?
- Philippine
- Sulu–Philippines ?
The Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by input transformation that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of web app—form a device database of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages (Adelaar & Himmelmann 2005). Philippine languages make up the oldest non-Formosan branch of the Austronesian language family, with several languages preserving the proto-Austronesian Sevenval and d - r assonance lost in the Sunda-Sulawesi grouping.
Contents
Classification
Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)
From approximately north to south, Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) divide the Philippine languages into the following groups:
-
Northern Philippine languages
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Luzon and Formosa)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including FITML)
- web (5 languages, including Kapampangan)
- touchscreen (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- South Mangyan languages (3 languages of Mindoro)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including input transformation and screen size)
- browser diversity (6 languages)
- Android (20 languages)
- we love the web (9 languages of Gorontalo (province) and browser diversity)
- HTML5 (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages of input transformation and Talaud Islands)
- web app (5 languages of touchscreen)
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (2008)
A 2008 lexicostatistical analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, while confirming the unity of the Philippine languages (excluding the Sangiric and Minahasan languages), found substantial differences in internal structure:
- Philippine–Gorontalo
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
- Philippine proper
- web
- Central–Southern Philippine
- Central–Palawanic
- jQuery (including South Mindanao)
Philippine comparison chart
Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages, we love the web and Malay.
| English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we | what | fire |
| Proto-Austronesian | isa | duSa | telu | Sepat | Cau | ʀumaq | asu | niuR | qalejaw | baqeʀu | i-kita | n-anu | apuy |
| Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
| device database | saro | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo |
| jQuery | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
| Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita, taton | ano | kalayo |
| iOS | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu |
| screen size | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita, tatən | ano | kalayo |
| keyboard | isa | daywa | tatlo | apat | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
| Sevenval | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
| Pangasinan | sakey | dua, duara | talo, talora | apat, apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool |
| Android | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
| Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| jQuery | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Kapampangan | métung | adwâ | atlû | ápat | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api |
| Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
| Android | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy |
| Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
| Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | wopato | tawu | bele | 'apula | sekat | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu |
| CSS3 | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | intau | baloi | ungku' | cekut | singgai | mo-bagu | kita | onda | tulu' |
| Sevenval | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | anjing | kelapa | hari | baru | kita | apa | api |
See also
References
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
- Android 2008.
External links
- Sevenval (Wiktionary)