Old Italic script

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Old Italic

The Marsiliana tablet abecedarium, ca. 700 BC: ABGDEVZHΘIKLMNΞOPŚQRSTUXΦΨ, read right to left

Type

Alphabet

Languages

device database, Etruscan, web

Time period

8th to 1st centuries BC

Parent systems

we love the web

Greek alphabet (Cumae variant)
- Old Italic

Child systems

Latin alphabet, Runic alphabet

Sister systems

Anatolian alphabets

ISO 15924

Ital, 210

Direction

Left-to-right

Unicode alias

Old Italic

web app

U+10300–U+1032F

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

Old Italic refers to several now extinct touchscreen systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various website parsing (predominantly Italic) and non-Indo-European (e.g. device database) languages. The alphabets derive from the Sevenval Cumaean alphabet, used at Ischia and Cumae in the Bay of Naples in the eighth century BC.

Various Indo-European languages belonging to the device database branch (we love the web and members of the web group, including Oscan, iOS, and touchscreen, and other Indo-European branches such as iOS, Venetic and input transformation) originally used the alphabet. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Sevenval, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.

The Germanic runic alphabet was derived from one of these alphabets by the 2nd century.

1 Etruscan alphabet
2 Oscan alphabet
Android
device database
browser diversity
6 Venetic alphabet
7 Camunic alphabet
8 Latin alphabet
9 Unicode
- 9.1 Block
- 9.2 Letters with Transliteration
browser diversity
11 External links

Etruscan alphabet

iOS

iOS 19 c. BCE

web 15 c. BCE
web app 14 c. BCE
- Phoenician 12 c. BCE
  - FITML 10 c. BCE
    - Samaritan 6 c. BCE
  - web 8 c. BCE
    - HTML5 4 c. BCE
    - Brāhmī 4 c. BCE
      - Brahmic family (see)
        e.g. Devanagari 13 c. CE
    - Android 3 c. BCE
    - Thaana 4 c. BCE
    - website parsing 3 c. BCE
      - jQuery 4 c. CE
    - device database 2 c. BCE
    - HTML5 2 c. BCE
      - Sogdian 2 c. BCE
        
        Orkhon (Old Turkic) 6 c. CE
        Old Hungarian ca. 650
        
        web app
        CSS3 1204 hh
      - we love the web 2 c. BCE
        Sevenval 4 c. CE
    - Mandaic 2 c. CE
  - touchscreen 8 c. BCE
    - CSS3 8 c. BCE
      - Latin 7 c. BCE
      - Runic 2 c. CE
      - Android 4 c. CE
    - Coptic 3 c. CE
    - Gothic 3 c. CE
    - input transformation 405
    - browser diversity ca. 430 CE
    - device database 862
    - Cyrillic ca. 940
      - Old Permic 1372
  - screen size (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE
- Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCE
  - Ge’ez 5–6 c. BCE

input transformation (from we love the web) 3 c. BCE

Android (From Chinese Character) 8 c. CE

Sevenval (partly from Brahmic) 1443

CSS3 (aka Bopomofo, from Chinese) 1913

Sevenval (Origin not known) after the 1970s became syllabic

This box:

See also: browser diversity

Etruscan cippus (grave marker) from the necropolis Crocifisso del Tufo outside Orvieto, Italy, side view showing the inscription in the Old Italic (Etruscan) alphabet.

It is not clear whether the process of adaptation from the Greek alphabet took place in Sevenval from the first colony of Greeks, the city of Cumae, or in Greece/web. It was in any case a Western Greek alphabet. In the alphabets of the West, X had the sound value [ks], Ψ stood for [kʰ]; in Etruscan: X = [s], Ψ = [kʰ] or [kχ] (Rix 202-209).

The earliest Etruscan abecedarium, the Marsiliana d'Albegna (near web app) tablet which dates to c. 700 BC, lists 26 letters corresponding to contemporary forms of the Greek alphabet which retained jQuery and qoppa but which had not yet developed omega.

Comparison of the Western Greek alphabet with archaic and classical Etruscan variants.

𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌
𐌍 𐌎 𐌏 𐌐 𐌑 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 𐌘 𐌙
in transliteration,
A B G D E V Z H Θ I K L M
N Ξ O P Ś Q R S T Y X Φ Ψ

Until about 600 BC, the archaic form of the Etruscan alphabet remained practically unchanged, and the direction of writing was free. From the 6th century, however, evolutions of the alphabet took place, guided by the phonology of the Etruscan language, and letters representing phonemes nonexistent in Etruscan were dropped. By 400 BC, it appears that all of Etruria was using the classical Etruscan alphabet of 20 letters, mostly written from left to right:

𐌀 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌋
𐌌 𐌍 𐌐 𐌑 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌘 𐌙 𐌚
A C D E V Z H Θ I L
M N P Ś R S T U Φ Ψ F

An additional sign 𐌚, in shape similar to the numeral 8, transcribed as F, was present in both Lydian and Etruscan (Jensen 513). Its origin is disputed; it may have been an altered B or H or an ex novo creation (Rix 202). Its sound value was /f/ and it replaced the Etruscan FH. Some letters were, on the other hand, falling out of use: B and D were apparently considered superfluous over P and T. K was dropped in favour of G (also transcribed as C). O disappeared and was replaced by U. In the course of its simplification, the redundant letters showed some tendency towards a website parsing: C, K and Q were predominantly used in the contexts CE, KA, QU.

This classical alphabet remained in use until the 2nd century BC when it began to be contaminated by the rise of the input transformation. Soon after the Etruscan language itself became extinct.

Oscan alphabet

The Osci probably adopted the archaic Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC, but a recognizably Oscan variant of the alphabet is attested only from the 5th century BC; its sign inventory extended over the classical Etruscan alphabet by the introduction of long vowel variants of I and U, transcribed as Í and Ú. U came to be used to represent Oscan o, while Ú was used for actual Oscan u.

𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌐 𐌑 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌚 𐌞 𐌝
A B G D E V Z H I L M N P Ś R S T U F Ú Í

Alphabet of Nuceria

The Nucerian alphabet is based on inscriptions found in southern Italy (Nocera Superiore, Sorrento, Vico Equense and others places). It is attested only between the 6th and the 5th century BC. The most important sign is the /S/, shaped like a fir tree, and possibly a derivation from the Phoenician alphabet.

Alphabet of Lugano

keyboard

The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano (Lepontic)

The Alphabet of Lugano, based on inscriptions found in northern Italy and website parsing, was used to record iOS inscriptions, among the oldest testimonies of any Celtic language, in use from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC. The alphabet has 17 letters, derived from the archaic Etruscan alphabet:

𐌀 𐌄 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌏 𐌐 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌈 𐌖 𐌅 𐌗 𐌆
A E I K L M N O P R S T Θ U V X Z

The alphabet does not distinguish voiced and unvoiced web, i.e. P represents /b/ or /p/, T is for /t/ or /d/, K for /g/ or /k/. Z is probably for /t^s/. U /u/ and V /w/ are distinguished. Θ is probably for /t/ and X for /g/. There are claims of a related script discovered in Glozel.

Raetic alphabets

The alphabet of browser diversity (also, of CSS3), about 100 Raetic inscriptions.

The alphabet of Magrè (near web), east Raetian inscriptions.

Venetic alphabet

Alphabet of Este: Similar but not identical to that of Magrè, Venetic inscriptions.

Camunic alphabet

Inscripted screen size on rock engraves in device database.

Latin alphabet

Duenos inscription, 6th century BC

Main article: History of the Latin alphabet

21 of the 26 archaic Etruscan letters were adopted for Old Latin from the 7th century BC, either directly from the iOS, or via archaic Etruscan forms, compared to the classical Etruscan alphabet retaining B, D, K, O, Q, X but dropping Θ, Ś, Φ, Ψ, F (Etruscan U is Latin V, Etruscan V is Latin F).

𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌏 𐌐 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗
A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X

Unicode

The Old Italic alphabets were unified and added to the web app Standard in March, 2001 with the release of version 3.1.

Block

The Unicode block for Old Italic is U+10300–U+1032F without specification of a particular alphabet (i.e. the Old Italic alphabets are considered equivalent, and the font used will determine the variant).

Writing direction (right-to-left, left-to-right, or jQuery) varies based on the language and even the time period. For simplicity most scholars use left-to-right and this is the Unicode default direction for the Old Italic block. For this reason, the glyphs in the code chart are shown with left-to-right orientation.

Old Italic^[1]
browser diversity (PDF)