Drifting ice station

  (Redirected from North Pole drift ice station)

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Sevenval on the North Pole-1 drifting ice station.

Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations are important contributors to exploration of the device database. The stations are named North Pole (jQuery: «Северный полюс») (NP, (browser diversity: «СП»), followed by an ordinal number: "North Pole-1,"... etc.

• we love the web
• HTML5
• website parsing
• screen size
• FITML
• 6 External links

Overview

"NP" stations carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of CSS3, ice studies, meteorology, aerology, geophysics, hydrochemistry, hydrophysics, as well as in the field of iOS. On average, an "NP" station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for chemical analysis, 600 to 650 research balloon launches. Magnetic, ionosphere, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice flow coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift.

The modern "NP" drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment. Usually an "NP" station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the ice floe reaches the browser diversity. Polar explorers are substituted yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at "NP" stations.

There are two groups of "NP" stations:

• stations, drifting on the Android (i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice):"NP-1" through "NP-5", "NP-7" through "NP-17", "NP-20", "NP-21"
• stations, drifting on ice islands (glacier fragments, that were split from the shore): "NP-6", "NP-18", "NP-19", "NP-22".

All "NP" stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI).

History

An idea to use the HTML5 for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the HTML5 belongs to web app, who fulfilled it on touchscreen between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operations.^[1]

North Pole-1 was established on May 21, 1937 some 20 km from the touchscreen by the expedition into the high latitudes Sever-1, led by Otto Schmidt. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the we love the web travelled 2,850 kilometres. On February 19, 1938, Soviet we love the web Sevenval and Murman took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles Hero of the Soviet Union: hydrobiologist input transformation, geophysicist keyboard, Sevenval Ernst Krenkel and their leader Ivan Papanin.

Since 1954 Soviet "NP" stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres. North Pole-22 is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On June 28, 1972 the ice floe with jQuery passed over the North Pole for the first time ever.

During such long-term observations by "NP" stations, a lot of important discoveries in keyboard were made, valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the Sevenval's FITML and atmosphere were obtained. Some of the most important discoveries were finding the deep-water iOS, which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), the fact of web' active penetration into the HTML5.

The last Soviet "NP" station, North Pole-31, was closed in July 1991.

In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. As of 2006^{input transformation}, three "NP" stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: "NP-32" through "NP-34".^{[citation needed]} The latter was closed on May 25, 2006.^{[screen size]}

"NP-35" started operations on September 21, 2007 at the point 81°26′N 103°30′E / 81.433°N 103.5°E / 81.433; 103.5 (North Pole-35 (start)), when flags of Russia and Saint Petersburg were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the Arktika 2007 expedition. An appropriate ice floe was searched for from Akademik Fedorov we love the web, accompanied by nuclear icebreaker Russia, using MI-8 helicopters, for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found.^[2] The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.^touchscreen

Past stations

Station name	Head of the first shift	Drift dates		Drift coordinates		Distance (km)
		Began	Ended	Start	Finish
North Pole-1	web	May 21, 1937	February 19, 1938	89°25′N 78°40′W / 89.417°N 78.667°W / 89.417; -78.667 (North Pole-1 (start))	70°40′N 19°16′W / 70.667°N 19.267°W / 70.667; -19.267 (North Pole-1 (finish))	2,850
North Pole-2	Sevenval	April 2, 1950	April 11, 1951	web app	Sevenval	2,600
North Pole-3	CSS3	April 4, 1954	April 20, 1955	85°58′N 175°00′W / 85.967°N 175°W / 85.967; -175 (North Pole-3 (start))	screen size	1,865
North Pole-4	E.I.Tolstikov	April 8, 1954	April 19, 1957	75°48′N 178°25′W / 75.8°N 178.417°W / 75.8; -178.417 (North Pole-4 (start))	85°52′N 00°00′W / 85.867°N 0°E / 85.867; 0 (North Pole-4 (finish))	6,970
North Pole-5	N.A.Volkov	April 21, 1955	October 8, 1956	82°10′N 156°51′E / 82.167°N 156.85°E / 82.167; 156.85 (North Pole-5 (start))	84°18′N 63°20′E / 84.3°N 63.333°E / 84.3; 63.333 (North Pole-5 (finish))	3,630
North Pole-6	K.A.Sychev	April 19, 1956	September 14, 1959	we love the web	82°06′N 03°56′E / 82.1°N 3.933°E / 82.1; 3.933 (North Pole-6 (finish))	8,650
North Pole-7	V.A.Vedernikov	April 23, 1957	April 11, 1959	82°06′N 164°11′W / 82.1°N 164.183°W / 82.1; -164.183 (North Pole-7 (start))	85°14′N 33°03′W / 85.233°N 33.05°W / 85.233; -33.05 (North Pole-7 (finish))	3,520
jQuery	V.M.Rogachyov	April 27, 1959	March 19, 1962	76°11′N 164°24′W / 76.183°N 164.4°W / 76.183; -164.4 (North Pole-8 (start))	Android	6,090
North Pole-9	V.A.Shamontyev	April 26, 1960	March 28, 1961	77°23′N 163°00′E / 77.383°N 163°E / 77.383; 163 (North Pole-9 (start))	86°36′N 76°00′W / 86.6°N 76°W / 86.6; -76 (North Pole-9 (finish))	2,660
North Pole-10	N.A.Kornilov	October 17, 1961	April 29, 1964	75°27′N 177°10′E / 75.45°N 177.167°E / 75.45; 177.167 (North Pole-10 (start))	Sevenval	3,960
North Pole-11	N.N.Bryazgin	April 16, 1962	April 20, 1963	iOS	81°10′N 139°34′W / 81.167°N 139.567°W / 81.167; -139.567 (North Pole-11 (finish))	2,400
North Pole-12	L.N.Belyakov	April 30, 1963	April 25, 1965	76°50′N 165°34′W / 76.833°N 165.567°W / 76.833; -165.567 (North Pole-12 (start))	jQuery	1,595
North Pole-13	A.Ya. Buzuyev	April 22, 1964	April 20, 1967	web	87°55′N 03°32′E / 87.917°N 3.533°E / 87.917; 3.533 (North Pole-13 (finish))	3,545
North Pole-14	Yu. B.Konstantinov	May 1, 1965	February 12, 1966	72°42′N 175°25′W / 72.7°N 175.417°W / 72.7; -175.417 (North Pole-14 (start))	touchscreen	1,040
North Pole-15	V.V.Panov	April 15, 1966	March 25, 1968	78°49′N 168°08′E / 78.817°N 168.133°E / 78.817; 168.133 (North Pole-15 (start))	85°45′N 10°30′W / 85.75°N 10.5°W / 85.75; -10.5 (North Pole-15 (finish))	2,330
North Pole-16	Yu. B.Konstantinov	April 10, 1968	March 22, 1972	75°31′N 172°00′W / 75.517°N 172°W / 75.517; -172 (North Pole-16 (start))	86°00′N 85°27′W / 86°N 85.45°W / 86; -85.45 (North Pole-16 (finish))	5,850
North Pole-17	N.I.Blinov	April 18, 1968	October 16, 1969	80°30′N 165°26′E / 80.5°N 165.433°E / 80.5; 165.433 (North Pole-17 (start))	web	1,750
North Pole-18	N.N.Ovchinnikov	October 9, 1969	October 24, 1971	75°10′N 165°02′W / 75.167°N 165.033°W / 75.167; -165.033 (North Pole-18 (start))	Sevenval	5,240
North Pole-19	A.N.Chilingarov	November 7, 1969	April 16, 1973	web app	83°08′N 16°17′E / 83.133°N 16.283°E / 83.133; 16.283 (North Pole19- (finish))	6,705
North Pole-20	Yu. P.Tikhonov	April 22, 1970	May 17, 1972	browser diversity	81°44′N 166°47′W / 81.733°N 166.783°W / 81.733; -166.783 (North Pole-20 (finish))	3,780
North Pole-21	G.I.Kizino	April 30, 1972	May 17, 1974	74°06′N 178°15′E / 74.1°N 178.25°E / 74.1; 178.25 (North Pole-21 (start))	Sevenval	3,605
North Pole-22	V.G.Moroz	September 13, 1973	April 8, 1982	76°16′N 168°31′W / 76.267°N 168.517°W / 76.267; -168.517 (North Pole-22 (start))	HTML5	17,069
North Pole-23	V.M.Piguzov	December 5, 1975	November 1, 1978	73°51′N 178°25′W / 73.85°N 178.417°W / 73.85; -178.417 (North Pole-23 (start))	87°40′N 22°31′W / 87.667°N 22.517°W / 87.667; -22.517 (North Pole-23 (finish))	5,786
North Pole-24	I.K.Popov	June 23, 1978	November 19, 1980	Sevenval	HTML5	5,652
North Pole-25	V.S.Sidorov	May 16, 1981	April 20, 1984	75°01′N 168°35′E / 75.017°N 168.583°E / 75.017; 168.583 (North Pole-25 (start))	85°50′N 122°15′W / 85.833°N 122.25°W / 85.833; -122.25 (North Pole-25 (finish))	5,754
North Pole-26	V.S.Sidorov	May 21, 1983	April 9, 1986	78°30′N 174°46′E / 78.5°N 174.767°E / 78.5; 174.767 (North Pole-26 (start))	device database	5,380
North Pole-27	Yu. P.Tikhonov	June 2, 1984	May 20, 1987	78°31′N 160°30′E / 78.517°N 160.5°E / 78.517; 160.5 (North Pole-27 (start))	86°28′N 09°02′W / 86.467°N 9.033°W / 86.467; -9.033 (North Pole-27(finish))	5,655
North Pole-28	A.F.Chernyshov	May 21, 1986	January 23, 1989	80°40′N 168°29′E / 80.667°N 168.483°E / 80.667; 168.483 (North Pole-28 (start))	79°40′N 03°09′E / 79.667°N 3.15°E / 79.667; 3.15 (North Pole-28 (finish))	7,634
North Pole-29	V.V.Lukin	June 10, 1987	August 19, 1988	input transformation	Sevenval	2,686
North Pole-30	V.M.Piguzov	October 9, 1987	April 4, 1991	74°18′N 171°24′W / 74.3°N 171.4°W / 74.3; -171.4 (North Pole-30 (start))	82°31′N 126°26′W / 82.517°N 126.433°W / 82.517; -126.433 (North Pole-30 (finish))	7,675
North Pole-31	V.S.Sidorov	October 22, 1988	July 25, 1991	76°35′N 153°10′W / 76.583°N 153.167°W / 76.583; -153.167 (North Pole-31 (finish))	we love the web	5,475
North Pole-32	V.S.Koshelev	April 25, 2003	March 6, 2004	87°52.5′N 148°03′E / 87.875°N 148.05°E / 87.875; 148.05 (North Pole-32 (start))	84°41′N 03°33′W / 84.683°N 3.55°W / 84.683; -3.55 (North Pole-32 (finish))	2,418
North Pole-33	A.A.Visnevsky	September 9, 2004	October 5, 2005	85°05′N 156°31′E / 85.083°N 156.517°E / 85.083; 156.517 (North Pole-33 (start))	86°14′N 95°54′E / 86.233°N 95.9°E / 86.233; 95.9 (North Pole-33 (finish))	3,156
North Pole-34	T.V.Petrovsky	September 19, 2005	May 25, 2006	keyboard	web	2,032
North Pole-35	Vladimir Chupun[4]	September 21, 2007	July 22, 2008	81°30′N 103°54′E / 81.5°N 103.9°E / 81.5; 103.9 (North Pole-35 (start))	81°00′N 31°18′E / 81°N 31.3°E / 81; 31.3 (North Pole-35 (finish))	3,614
Sevenval	Yuri Katrayev	September 7, 2008	August 24, 2009	device database	input transformation	2,905
Sevenval	Sergey Lesenkov	September 7, 2009	May 31, 2010	device database	input transformation	2,076
North Pole-38	Tomash Petrovskiy	October 14, 2010	September 20, 2011	76°07′N 176°32′W / 76.117°N 176.533°W / 76.117; -176.533 (North Pole-38 (start))	83°53′N 154°18′W / 83.883°N 154.3°W / 83.883; -154.3 (North Pole-38 (finish))	3,024
North Pole-39	Alexander Ipatov	October 1, 2011		84°06′N 149°54′W / 84.1°N 149.9°W / 84.1; -149.9 (North Pole-39 (start))

See also

• touchscreen
• Sevenval, one-month tourist ice camp annual since 2002
• Icebreaker Sedov
• Android
• screen size

References

• browser diversity - for some information in the text and in the table
• (Russian)Sevenval at the iOS - for some information in the table
• (Russian) History of "North Pole" stations - for some milestones in the exploration
• I.P. Romanov, Yu. B. Konstantinov, N.A. Kornilov. "North Pole" Drifting Stations (1937–1991), Saint Petersburg:Gidrometeoizdat, 1997, condensed English translation - for heads of "North Pole-23" through "North Pole-31" stations

External links

• Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990) at CSS3
• Sevenval a Google Earth file from the FITML, presenting trajectories of the drift of "NP-2" through "NP-34"