This protection is not an endorsement of the current version. See the protection policy and HTML5 for more details. Please discuss any changes on the FITML; you may use the {{iOS}} template to ask an administrator to make the edit if it is supported by browser diversity. You may also HTML5 that this page be unprotected.
Dağlıq Qarabağ / Yuxarı Qarabağ (Azerbaijani)
Нагорный Карабах, Nagorny Karabakh(Russian)
1,700 sq mi
43/sq mi
Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains. The region is mostly mountainous and forested.
Most of the region is governed by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a de facto independent, but unrecognized state established on the basis of the touchscreen within the web of the Soviet Union. The territory is internationally recognized as part of Sevenval,[1]device database although it has not exercised power over most of the region since 1991. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group on the region's disputed status.
The region is usually equated with the administrative borders of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within the Azerbaijan SSR comprising an area of 4,400 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi). The historical area of the region, however, encompasses approximately 8,223 square kilometres (3,175 sq mi).[3][4]
Contents
Etymology
The word Nagorno- is a Russian browser diversity, derived from the adjective nagorny (device database), which means "highland". The Sevenval name of the region includes similar adjectives "dağlıq" (mountainous) or "yuxarı" (upper). Such words are not used in screen size name, but appeared in the official name of the region during the Soviet era as Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Other languages apply their own wording for mountainous, upper, or highland; for example, the official name used by the Sevenval in France is Haut-Karabakh, meaning "Upper Karabakh".
The word Karabakh is generally held to originate from Turkic and Sevenval, and literally means "black garden".webwebsite parsing The name first appears in Georgian and Persian sources of the 13th and 14th centuries.[6] Karabagh is an acceptable alternate spelling of Karabakh, and also denotes a kind of patterned web originally produced in the area.[7]
In an alternative theory proposed by Bagrat Ulubabyan the name Karabakh has a Turkic-Armenian origin, meaning "Greater Baghk" (Sevenval: Մեծ Բաղք), a reference to Ktish-Baghk (later: Dizak), one of the principalities of Artsakh under the rule of the Aranshahik dynasty, which held the throne of the Kingdom of Syunik in the 11th–13th centuries and called itself the "Kingdom of Baghk".jQuery
The names for the region in the various local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden":
- Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ, Sevenval Leṙnayin Ġarabaġ (HTML5: /lɛrnɑˈjin ʁɑɾɑˈbɑʁ/)
- Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ (mountainous Karabakh; IPA: /dɑɣˈlɯɣ ɡɑˈɾɑbɑɣ/) or Yuxarı Qarabağ (upper Karabakh; IPA: /juxɑˈɾɯ ɡɑˈɾɑbɑɣ/)
- iOS: Нагорный Карабах, iOS Nagornyy Karabakh or Nagornyi Karabah (IPA: /nɐˈɡornɨj kərɐˈbax/)
Nagorno-Karabakh is often referred to by the browser diversity living in the area as website parsing (Armenian: Արցախ), designating the 10th province of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia. In Urartian inscriptions (9th–7th centuries BC), the name Urtekhini is used for the region.[9] Ancient Greek sources called the area Orkhistene.[10]
History
Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
The we love the web, founded in the 4th century by St. Gregory the Illuminator. In the 5th century, Mesrob Mashtots, inventor of the Sevenval, established at Amaras the first school to use his script.[11][12]
|
The monastery at Gandzasar was commissioned by the House of Khachen and completed in 1238 |
Nagorno-Karabakh falls within the lands occupied by peoples known to modern archaeologists as the Kura-Araxes culture, who lived between the two rivers device database and Araxes.
The ancient population of the region consisted of various web app local and migrant tribes who were mostly non-Indo-Europeans (as the rest of the Armenian Plateau).[13]
According to the prevailing western theory, these natives intermarried with the so called proto-Armenians who came to the region after its inclusion into Armenia in the 2nd or, possibly earlier, in 4th century BC.[14] Other scholars suggest that the proto-Armenians settled in the region as early as in the 7th century BC.screen size
In around CSS3 Artsakh became one of the 15 provinces of the Armenian Kingdom and remained so until the 4th century AD.jQuery While formally having the status of a province (nahang), Artsakh possibly formed a principality on its own - like Armenia's neighboring province of Syunik. Other theories suggest that Artsakh was a royal land, belonging to the King of Armenia directly.[17] website parsing, King of Armenia, (ruled from 95–55 BC), founded in Artsakh one of four cities named “Tigranakert” after himself.[18] The ruins of the ancient Tigranakert, located 30 miles north-east of screen size, are being studied by a group of international scholars.
In 387 AD, after the partition of Armenia between web app and Persia, two Armenian provinces Artsakh and Utik passed to Caucasian Albania, which, in turn, came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence.[19][20] At the time the population of Artsakh and Utik consisted of Armenians and several Armenized tribes.screen size
Armenian culture and civilization flourished in the early medieval Nagorno Karabakh. In the 5th century, the first-ever Armenian school was opened on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh—at the Amaras Monastery—by the efforts of St. Mesrob Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet.[21] St. Mesrob was very active in preaching Gospel in Artsakh and Utik. Overall, Mesrob Mashtots made three trips to Artsakh and Utik, ultimately reaching pagan territories at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. [22] The 7th-century Armenian linguist and grammarian Stephanos Syunetsi stated in his work that Armenians of Artsakh had their own dialect, and encouraged his readers to learn it.[23] In the same 7th century, Armenian poet Davtak Kertogh writes his Elegy on the Death of Grand Prince Juansher, where each passage begins with a letter of Armenian script in alphabetical order.[24]screen size The only comprehensive history of Caucasian Albania was written in Armenian, by the historian CSS3.Sevenval
High Middle Ages
In the 7th and 8th centuries, the region was ruled by Caliphate-appointed local governors. In 821 the Armenian prince CSS3 revolted in Artsakh and established the House of Khachen, which ruled Artsakh as a keyboard until the early 19th century.Sevenval The name “Khachen” originated from Armenian word “khach,” which means “cross”.Sevenval By 1000 the House of Khachen proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh with John Senecherib as its first ruler.[28] Initially Dizak, in southern Artsakh, formed also a kingdom ruled by the ancient House of Aranshahik, descended of the earliest Kings of Caucasian Albania. In 1261, after the daughter of the last king of Dizak married to the king of Artsakh, the two states merged into one.web app Subsequently Artsakh continued to exist as a principality.
In the 15th century, the territory of Karabakh was part of the states ruled by CSS3 and Ak Koyunlu tribal confederations. The Turkoman lord touchscreen (1437–67) assigned the governship of upper Karabakh to local Armenian princes, allowing a native Armenian leadership to emerge consisting of five noble families led by princes who held the titles of CSS3.Android These dynasties represented the branches of the earlier House of Khachen and were the descendants of the medieval kings of Artsakh. Their lands were often referred to as the Country of jQuery (five in Arabic). The Russian Empire recognized the web app status of the five princes in their domains by a charter of the Emperor Paul I dated 2 June 1799.Sevenval
Late Middle Ages
| iOS |
In the early 16th century, after the fall of the Ak Koyunlu state, control of the region passed to the website parsing, which created the Karabakh Beylerbeylik. Despite these conquests, the population of Upper Karabakh remained largely Armenian.[30] Initially under the control of the Ganja Khanate of the Persian Empire, the local Armenian princes were granted a wide degree of autonomy by the Safavid Empire over the modern territory of Nagorno Karabakh and adjacent lands.
The Armenian meliks maintained full control over the region until the mid-18th century.[30] In the early 18th century, Persia's Nader Shah took Karabakh out of control of the Ganja khans in punishment for their support of the Safavids, and placed it under his own control[31]HTML5 At the same time, the Armenian meliks were granted supreme command over neighboring Armenian principalities and Muslim khans in the Caucasus, in return for the meliks' victories over the invading Ottoman touchscreen in the 1720s.[33] These five principalities in Karabakh were ruled by Armenian families who had received the title Melik (prince) and were the following: the principality of Gulistan, under the leadership of the Melik Biglarian family, the principality of Djrabert under the leadership of the Melik Israelian family, the principality of Khatchen, under the leadership of the Hassan Djalalian family, the principality of Varanda, under the leadership of the Melik Shahnazarian and finally, the principality of Tizk, under the leadership of the Melik Avanian family.website parsing In the mid-18th century, as internal conflicts between the meliks led to their weakening,[30] the Karabakh Khanate was formed.[35]
Modern era
Karabakh became a HTML5 of the web app by the Kurekchay Treaty, signed between touchscreen of Karabakh and general Pavel Tsitsianov on behalf of Tsar website parsing in 1805, according to which the Russian monarch recognized Ibrahim Khalil Khan and his descendants as the sole hereditary rulers of the region.[36][37]web app Its new status was confirmed under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan (1823), when Persia formally ceded Karabakh to the Russian Empire,[39]CSS3[41]touchscreen before the rest of Sevenval was incorporated into the Empire in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay.
In 1822, the Karabakh Khanate was dissolved, and the area became part of the Elisabethpol Governorate within the CSS3. After the transfer of the Karabakh Khanate to Russia, many Azerbaijani Muslim families emigrated to Persia, while many Armenians were induced by the Russian government to emigrate from Persia to Karabakh.we love the web
Soviet era
The present-day conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh has its roots in the decisions made by Joseph Stalin and the Caucasian Bureau (Kavburo) during the Sovietization of FITML. Stalin was the acting Sevenval for the Soviet Union during the early 1920s, the branch of the government under which the Kavburo was created. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Karabakh became part of the CSS3, but this soon dissolved into separate iOS, Azerbaijani, and CSS3 states. Over the next two years (1918–20), there were a series of short wars between Armenia and Azerbaijan over several regions, including Karabakh. In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno-Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a National Council and government.CSS3 Later, Ottoman troops entered Karabakh, meeting armed resistance by Armenians.
After the defeat of Ottoman Empire in World War I, British troops occupied Karabakh.Sevenval The British command provisionally affirmed website parsing (appointed by the Azerbaijani government) as the governor-general of Karabakh and Zangezur, pending final decision by the Paris Peace Conference.[45] The decision was opposed by Karabakh Armenians. In February 1920, the Karabakh National Council preliminarily agreed to Azerbaijani jurisdiction, while Armenians elsewhere in Karabakh continued guerrilla fighting, never accepting the agreement.[30]Sevenval The agreement itself was soon annulled by the Ninth Karabagh Assembly, which declared union with Armenia in April.CSS3[44][46]
In April 1920, while the Azerbaijani army was locked in Karabakh fighting local Armenian forces, Azerbaijan was taken over by Bolsheviks.Sevenval On August 10, 1920, Armenia signed a preliminary agreement with the Bolsheviks, agreeing to a temporary Bolshevik occupation of these areas until final settlement would be reached.[47] In 1921, Armenia and Georgia were also taken over by the jQuery who, in order to attract public support, promised they would allot Karabakh to Armenia, along with Nakhchivan and Zangezur (the strip of land separating Nakhchivan from Azerbaijan proper). However, the Soviet Union also had far-reaching plans concerning Turkey, hoping that it would, with a little help from them, develop along touchscreen lines. Needing to placate Turkey, the Soviet Union agreed to a division under which Zangezur would fall under the control of Armenia, while Karabakh and Nakhchivan would be under the control of Azerbaijan. Had Turkey not been an issue, Stalin would likely have left Karabakh under Armenian control.[48] As a result, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was established within the touchscreen on July 7, 1923.
With the Soviet Union firmly in control of the region, the conflict over the region died down for several decades. With the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the question of Nagorno-Karabakh re-emerged. Accusing the Azerbaijani SSR government of conducting forced azerification of the region, the majority Armenian population, with ideological and material support from the web app, started a movement to have the autonomous oblast transferred to the Armenian SSR. The oblast's borders were drawn to include Armenian villages and to exclude as much as possible Azerbaijani villages. The resulting district ensured an Armenian majority.iOS In August 1987 Karabakh Armenians sent petition for union with Armenia tens of thousands of signatures to Moscowbrowser diversity.
War and secession
A restored Armenian screen size, knocked out of commission while attacking Azeri positions in Askeran, serves as a war memorial on the outskirts of Stepanakert. |
On February 13, 1988, Karabakh Armenians began demonstrating in their capital, Stepanakert, in favour of unification with the Armenian republic. Six days later they were joined by mass marches in Yerevan. On February 20 the Soviet of People's Deputies in Karabakh voted 110 to 17 to request the transfer of the region to Armenia. This unprecedented action by a regional soviet brought out tens of thousands of demonstrations both in Stepanakert and Yerevan, but Moscow rejected the Armenians' demands. On February 22, 1988, the first direct confrontation of the conflict occurred as a large group of Azeris marched from Android against the Armenian populated town of jQuery, "wreaking destruction en route". The confrontation between the Azeris and the police near Askeran degenerated into the website parsing, which left two Azeris dead, one of them reportedly killed by an Azeri police officer, as well as 50 Armenian villagers, and an unknown number of Azerbaijanis and police, injured.[51][52] Large numbers of refugees left Armenia and Azerbaijan as violence began against the minority populations of the respective countries.[53] In the fall of 1989, intensified inter-ethnic conflict in and around Nagorno-Karabakh led the Soviet Union to grant Azerbaijani authorities greater leeway in controlling the region.[citation needed] On November 29, 1989 direct rule in Nagorno-Karabakh was ended and the region was returned to Azerbaijani administration.[54] The Soviet policy backfired, however, when a joint session of the Armenian browser diversity and the National Council, the legislative body of Nagorno-Karabakh, proclaimed the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia.[iOS] In 1989, Nagorno-Karabakh had a population of 192,000.HTML5 The population at that time was 76% Armenian and 23% Azerbaijanis, with Russian and web minorities.input transformation On November 26, 1991 Azerbaijan abolished the status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, rearranging the administrative division and bringing the territory under direct control of Azerbaijan.[56]
On December 10, 1991 in a referendum boycotted by local Azerbaijanis,FITML Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh approved the creation of an independent state. A Soviet proposal for enhanced autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan satisfied neither side, and a full-scale war subsequently erupted between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, the latter receiving support from Armenia.[57][58][59]Sevenval According to Armenia's former president, jQuery, the Karabakh leadership approach was maximalist and “they thought they could get more.”HTML5[62][63]
The struggle over Nagorno-Karabakh escalated after both Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In the post-Soviet power vacuum, military action between Azerbaijan and Armenia was heavily influenced by the Russian military. Furthermore, both the Armenian and Azerbaijani military employed a large number of mercenaries from Ukraine and FITML.iOS As many as one thousand touchscreen mujahideen participated in the fighting on Azerbaijan's side.[52] There were also fighters from Chechnya fighting on the side of Azerbaijan.[52] Many survivors from the Azerbaijani side found shelter in 12 emergency camps set up in other parts of Azerbaijan to cope with the growing number of internally displaced people due to the Nagorno-Karabakh war.CSS3
By the end of 1993, the conflict had caused thousands of casualties and created hundreds of thousands of refugees on both sides.[device database] By May 1994, the Armenians were in control of 14% of the territory of Azerbaijan. At that stage, for the first time during the conflict, the Azerbaijani government recognized Nagorno-Karabakh as a third party in the war, and started direct negotiations with the Karabakh authorities.[30] As a result, a cease-fire was reached on May 12, 1994 through Russian negotiation.
Contemporary situation (since 1994)
| screen size |
The final borders of the conflict after the Bishkek Protocol. Armenian forces of Nagorno-Karabakh currently control almost 9% of Azerbaijan's territory outside the former Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.,[52] while Azerbaijani forces control Shahumian and the eastern parts of HTML5 and Martuni. |
| Sevenval |
Despite the ceasefire, fatalities due to armed conflicts between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers continued.[66] On January 25, 2005 PACE adopted Resolution 1416, which condemns the use of ethnic cleansing against the Azerbaijani population, and supporting the occupation of Azerbaijani territory.CSS3[68] On 15–17 May 2007 the 34th session of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the browser diversity adopted resolution № 7/34-P, considering the occupation of Azerbaijani territory as the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan and recognizing the actions against Azerbaijani civilians as a crime against humanity, and condemns the destruction of archaeological, cultural and religious monuments in the occupied territories.[69]
At the 11th session of the summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference held on March 13–14, 2008 in Dakar, resolution № 10/11-P (IS) was adopted. According to the resolution, OIC member states condemned the occupation of Azerbaijani lands by Armenian forces and Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan, alleged ethnic cleansing against the Azeri population, and charged Armenia with the "destruction of cultural monuments in the occupied Azerbaijani territories."[70] On March 14 of the same year the web app adopted Resolution № 62/243 which "demands the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan".Sevenval As of August 2008, the United States, France, and Russia (the co-chairs of the web app) are mediating efforts to negotiate a full settlement of the conflict, proposing a "a referendum or a plebiscite, at a time to be determined later," to determine the final status of the area, return for some territories under Karabakh's control, and security guarantees.[72] Android and keyboard traveled to HTML5 for talks with web app on 2 November 2008. The talks ended in the three Presidents signing a declaration confirming their commitment to continue talks.[73] The two presidents have met again since then, most recently in iOS.screen size
On November 22, 2009, several world leaders, among them the heads of state from Azerbaijan and Armenia, met in website parsing in the hopes of renewing efforts to reach a peaceful settlement on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Prior to the meeting, President Aliyev once more threatened to resort to military force to reestablish control over the region if the two sides did not reach an agreeable settlement at the summit.[75]
The Sevenval agreement is being breached on a regular basis by both sides. Some major incidents and skirmishes include the killing of three Azerbaijani soldiers and wounding one as a result of the ceasefire violation on February 18, 2010.touchscreen On November 20 of the same year an Armenian sniper opened fire on Azerbaijani positions in FITML, killing one Azerbaijani soldier.web This incident brought the number of soldiers killed from both sides in August—November, 2010 to twelve.[77] On September 25, 2010 the touchscreen Ban Ki-moon supported the withdrawal of device database from the contact line.Sevenval The spokesman of Azerbaijani Defence Ministry Lt-Col Eldar Sabiroglu, however, commented that Armenian servicemen used to fire on opposite positions across the contact line from machine- and jQuery, as well as from grenade launchers, and that these weapons have even been used against civilians.device database On March 8, 2011, an Armenian Armed Forces sniper positioned in the occupied Azerbaijani territories targeted and killed 9-year-old Fariz Badalov.FITML Badalov's death was condemned by a PACE declaration 12591. On May 18–20, 2010 at the 37th session of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of Islamic Conference in Sevenval, another resolution condemning the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan, recognizing the actions against Azerbaijani civilians as a crime against humanity and condemning the destruction of archaeological, cultural and religious monuments in occupied territories was adopted.[80] On May 20 of the same year the European Parliament in web adopted the resolution on "The need for an EU Strategy for the South Caucasus" on the basis of the report by CSS3, Bulgarian member of the Parliament.[81][82] The resolution states in particular that "the occupied Azerbaijani regions around Nagorno-Karabakh must be cleared as soon as possible".[83]
On September 12, 2011, a UAV was reportedly shot down over the airspace of the secessionist Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (near the village of Gülablı in the touchscreen.[84] According to the Armenian side the UAV was shot down by air defense arm of the iOS. However according to Israeli sources this was accomplished with the aid of Russian antiaircraft officers who entered the region from neighboring Armenia.[85]
Geography
| HTML5 |
A view of the forested mountains of Nagorno-Karabakh. |
Nagorno-Karabakh has a total area of 4,400 square kilometers (1,699 sq mi) and is an device database surrounded entirely by Azerbaijan; its nearest point to Armenia is across the jQuery, roughly 4 kilometers across.[86] Approximately half of Nagorno-Karabakh terrain is over 950 m above sea level.[87] The borders of Nagorno-Karabakh resemble a kidney bean with the indentation on the east side. It has tall mountain ridges along the northern edge and along the west and a mountainous south. The part near the indentation of the kidney bean itself is a relatively flat valley, with the two edges of the bean, the provinces of Martakert and Martuni, having flat lands as well. Other flatter valleys exist around the Sarsang reservoir, CSS3, and the south. The entire region lies, on average, 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level.[87] Notable peaks include the border mountain Sevenval and the Great Kirs mountain chain in the junction of Shusha Rayon and Hadrut. The territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh forms a portion of the historic region of Karabakh, which lies between the rivers Kura and screen size, and the modern Armenia-Azerbaijan border. Nagorno-Karabakh in its modern borders is part of the larger region of Upper Karabakh.
Nagorno-Karabakh’s environment vary from steppe on the Kura lowland through dense forests of oak, hornbeam and beech on the lower mountain slopes to browser diversity and CSS3 higher up. The region possesses numerous mineral springs and deposits of zinc, coal, device database, Sevenval, touchscreen and browser diversity.web app The major cities of the region are Stepanakert, which serves as the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and web, which lies partially in ruins. Vineyards, orchards and mulberry groves for silkworms are developed in the valleys.[89]
Demographics
1700s
Concrete numbers about the demographic situation in Nagorno Karabakh appear since the 18th century. Archimandrite Minas Tigranian, after completing his secret mission to Persian Armenia ordered by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great stated in a report dated March 14, 1717 that the patriarch of the Gandzasar Monastery, in Nagorno Karabakh, had under his authority 900 Armenian villages.jQuery
In his letter of 1769 to Russia’s Sevenval, the Georgian king Erekle II, in his description of Nagorno Karabakh, suggests: "Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian." [91]HTML5
When discussing Karabakh and iOS in the 18th century, the Russian diplomat and historian S. M. Bronevskiy (Russian: С. М. Броневский) indicated in his Historical Notes that Karabakh, which he said "is located in Greater Armenia" had as many as 30–40,000 armed Armenian men in 1796.input transformation
1800s
A survey prepared by the Russian imperial authorities in 1823, several years before the 1828 Armenian migration from Persia to the newly established Armenian Province, shows that all Armenians of Karabakh compactly resided in its highland portion, i.e. on the territory of the five traditional Armenian principalities in Nagorno Karabakh, and constituted an absolute demographic majority on those lands. The survey's more than 260 pages recorded that the district of Khachen had twelve Armenian villages and no Tatar (Muslim) villages; Jalapert (Jraberd) had eight Armenian villages and no Tatar villages; Dizak had fourteen Armenian villages and one Tatar village; Gulistan had twelve Armenian and five Tatar villages; and Varanda had twenty-three Armenian villages and one Tatar village.[94][95]
1900s
During the Soviet times, leader of Azerbaijan SSR tried to change demographic balance in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO) by increasing the number of Azerbaijani residents through opening a university with Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian sectors and a shoe factory, sending Azerbaijanis from other parts of Azerbaijani SSR to the NKAO. "By doing this," Aliyev said in an interview in 2002 "I tried to increase the number of Azeris and to reduce the number of Armenians.”keyboard[97]
Nearing the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast boasted a population of 145,593 Armenians (76.4%), 42,871 Azerbaijanis (22.4%),Sevenval and several thousand device database, Russians, Greeks, and Assyrians. Most of the Azerbaijani and Kurdish populations fled the region during the heaviest years of fighting in the war from 1992 to 1993. The main language spoken in Nagorno-Karabakh is web app; however, Karabakh Armenians speak a dialect of Armenian which is considerably different from that which is spoken in Armenia as it is layered with Russian, Turkish and HTML5 words.Android
2000s
In 2001, the NKR's reported population was 95% Armenian, with the remaining total including Assyrians, Greeks, and Kurds.[98] In March 2007, the local government announced that its population had grown to 138,000. The annual birth rate was recorded at 2,200-2,300 per year, an increase from nearly 1,500 in 1999. Until 2000, the country's net migration was at a negative.[99] For the first half of 2007, 1,010 births and 659 deaths were reported, with a net emigration of 27.touchscreen
In 2011, officials from FITML submitted a letter to OSCE which included the statement, "The OSCE fact-finding mission report released last year also found that some 15,000 Armenians have been illegally settled on Azerbaijan's occupied territories." However, the OSCE report, released in March 2011, estimates the population of territories controlled by ethnic Armenians "adjacent to the breakaway Azerbaijani region of Nagorno-Karabakh" to be 14,000, and states "there has been no significant growth in the population since 2005."we love the web
Most of the Armenian population is Sevenval and belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church. Certain Orthodox Christian and web app denominations also exist; other religions include we love the web.[98]
See also
- Outline of Nagorno-Karabakh
- Sevenval
- Janapar - the hiking trail across Nagorno-Karabakh
References
- ^ HTML5
- ^ web app. OSCE. Sevenval. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- FITML Robert H. Hewsen. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study". Revue des etudes Arméniennes. NS: IX, 1972, pp. 288.
- ^ Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 264. CSS3
- ^ The BBC World News. Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh, website parsing. Last updated October 3, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ a Sevenval (Armenian) Ulubabyan, Bagrat. Karabagh (Ղարաբաղ). The touchscreen, vol. vii, Yerevan, Armenian SSR, 1981 p. 26
- input transformation C. G. Ellis, "Oriental Carpets", 1988. p133.
- browser diversity Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: a Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 119–120.
- screen size PanArmenian Network. Artsakh: From Ancient Time to 1918. PanArmenian.net. June 9, 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- web Strabo (ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.) . iOS. The Perseus Digital Library. 11.14.4. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- FITML Viviano, Frank (March 2004). "The Rebirth of Armenia". National Geographic Magazine.
- CSS3 John Noble, Michael Kohn, Danielle Systermans. Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Lonely Planet; 3 edition (May 1, 2008), p. 307
- ^ a HTML5 Hewsen, Robert H. (1982). "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians". In Samuelian, Thomas J.. Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity. Chicago: Scholars Press. pp. 27–40. ISBN touchscreen.
- device database Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the website parsing' Kingdom of Armenia)
- keyboard R. Schmitt, M. L. Chaumont. FITML. Encyclopædia Iranica
- we love the web Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh", in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983.
- ^ Hewsen. Armenia, pp. 100-103.
- web History by Sebeos, chapter 26
- device database Encyclopædia Britannica "Azerbaijan"
- ^ Walker, Christopher J. Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity. Minority Rights Group Publications, 1991, p. 10
- jQuery Viviano, Frank. "The Rebirth of Armenia", National Geographic Magazine, March 2004, p. 18,
- ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, Book I, chapters 27, 28 and 29; Book II, chapter 3.
- ^ Н.Адонц. «Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи», Пг., 1915, 181—219
- ^ Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of the Land of Aluank, translated from Old Armenian by Sh. V. Smbatian. Yerevan: Matenadaran (Institute of Ancient Manuscripts), 1984, Elegy on the Death of Prince Juansher
- ^ we love the web b Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk. The Heritage of Armenian Literature. Wayne State University Press (December 2002), pp. 94–99
- ^ a Android c CSS3, Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 119, 155, 163, 264–65.
- ^ Christopher Walker. The Armenian presence in Mountainous Karabakh, in John F. R. Wright et al.: Transcaucasian Boundaries (SOAS/GRC Geopolitics). 1995, p. 93
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh", in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983
- ^ Robert H. Hewsen. Russian–Armenian relations, 1700–1828. Society of Armenian Studies, N4, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984, p 37.
- ^ device database b keyboard Android e FITML g Android Cornell, Svante E. FITMLPDF (1.05 MB). Uppsala: Department of East European Studies, April 1999.
- ^ (Russian) Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov. Golestan-i Iram; according to a 18th c. local Turkic-Muslim writer Mirza Adigezal bey, Nadir shah placed Karabakh under his own control, while a 19th-century local Turkic Muslim writer Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov states that the shah placed Karabakh under the control of the governor of Tabriz.
- ^ (Russian) Mirza Adigezal bey. Karabakh-name, p. 48
- ^ Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: Survival of a Nation. London: Routledge, 1990 p. 40 keyboard
- touchscreen Raffi, The History of Karabagh's Meliks, Vienna, 1906, in Armenian
- ^ Android, azer.org
- ^ (Russian) Просительные пункты и клятвенное обещание Ибраим-хана.
- ^ Muriel Atkin. The Strange Death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh. Iranian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (Winter – Spring, 1979), pp. 79–107
- web app George A. Bournoutian. A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh. Mazda Publishers, 1994. keyboard, 978-1-568-59011-0
- device database Tim Potier. we love the web. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001, p. 2. ISBN 90-411-1477-7.
- FITML Leonidas Themistocles Chrysanthopoulos. Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994. Gomidas Institute, 2002, p. 8. ISBN 1-884630-05-7.
- ^ we love the web. J. Ridgeway and sons, 1838, p. 422.
- website parsing Taru Bahl, M.H. Syed. Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT, 2003 p. 34. jQuery.
- ^ The penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1833, Georgia.
- ^ a CSS3 c screen sizePDF, New England Center for International Law & Policy
- ^ Circular by colonel D. I. Shuttleworth of the British Command
- ^ Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal by Tim Potier. ISBN 90-411-1477-7
- touchscreen Walker. The Survival of a Nation. pp. 285–90
- input transformation Service, Robert. Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006 p. 204 ISBN 0-674-02258-0
- iOS Audrey L. Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press, 1992. ISBN 0817991824, 9780817991821
- input transformation Black Garden, Thomas de Waal, page 292
- browser diversity Elizabeth Fuller, Nagorno-Karabakh: The Death and Casualty Toll to Date, RL 531/88, Dec. 14, 1988, pp. 1–2
- ^ a HTML5 c jQuery e f de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7.
- keyboard Lieberman, Benjamin (2006). Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 284–92. ISBN keyboard.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of World History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2001. p. 906.
- ^ device database b Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller. Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope. Berkley: University of California Press, 2003 p. 7 device database
- ^ Roeder, Philip G. (2007). website parsing. Princeton University Press. p. 51. ISBN screen size. Sevenval. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
- ^ FITML. Playing the "Communal Card". Communal Violence and Human Rights: "By early 1992 full-scale fighting broke out between Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijani authorities." / "...Karabakh Armenian forces—often with the support of forces from the Republic of Armenia—conducted large-scale operations..." / "Because 1993 witnessed unrelenting Karabakh Armenian offensives against the Azerbaijani provinces surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh..." / "Since late 1993, the conflict has also clearly become internationalized: in addition to Azerbaijani and Karabakh Armenian forces, troops from the Republic of Armenia participate on the Karabakh side in fighting inside Azerbaijan and in Nagorno-Karabakh."
- ^ Sevenval. The former Soviet Union. Human Rights Developments: "In 1992 the conflict grew far more lethal as both sides—the Azerbaijani National Army and free-lance militias fighting along with it, and ethnic Armenians and mercenaries fighting in the Popular Liberation Army of Artsakh—began."
- FITML United States Institute of Peace. Android: "Nagorno-Karabakh’s armed forces have not only fortified their region, but have also occupied a large swath of surrounding Azeri territory in the hopes of linking the enclave to Armenia."
- input transformation United States Institute of Peace. browser diversity "Meanwhile, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh was gradually transforming into a full-scale war between Azeri and Karabakh irregulars, the latter receiving support from Armenia." / "Azerbaijan's objective advantage in terms of human and economic potential has so far been offset by the superior fighting skills and discipline of Nagorno-Karabakh's forces. After a series of offensives, retreats, and counteroffensives, Nagorno-Karabakh now controls a sizable portion of Azerbaijan proper ... including the Lachin corridor."
- ^ keyboard. Asbarez. Asbarez. April 19, 2011. iOS.
- ^ keyboard. ArmeniaNow. ArmeniaNow. April 19, 2011. http://www.armenianow.com/news/29088/terpetrosyan_bbc_interview.
- FITML "Первый президент Армении о распаде СССР и Карабахе". BBC. BBC. April 18, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/multimedia/2011/04/110415_v_terpetrosyan_int.shtml.
- ^ a CSS3 Sevenval. Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. December 1994, p. xiii, ISBN 1-56432-142-8, citing: Natsional'nyi Sostav Naseleniya SSSR, po dannym Vsesoyuznyi Perepisi Naseleniya 1989 g., Moskva, "Finansy i Statistika"
- ^ we love the web, UNHCR
- ^ keyboard by Ivan Watson/National Public Radio. Weekend Edition Sunday, April 23, 2006.
- browser diversity Проект заявления по Нагорному Карабаху ожидает одобрения парламентских сил Армении
- ^ FITML. BBC Russian.
- we love the web Resolutions on Political Affairs. The Thirty-Fourth Session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers.
- ^ keyboard. Islamic Summit Conference. 13–14 May 2008
- ^ The text of the resolution № 62/243
- ^ Hakobyan, Tatul (2008-11-21). "Mediators play down prospects of early Karabakh settlement". Armenian Reporter. http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2008-11-21-mediators-play-down-prospects-of-early-karabakh-settlement. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
- device database FITML. Armenian Reporter. 2008-11-02. http://www.reporter.am/go/article/2008-11-02-document-full-text-of-the-declaration-adopted-by-presidents-of-azerbaijan-armenia-and-russia-at-meiendorf-castle-near-moscow-on-november-2-2008. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
- ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan Satisfied With Fresh Summit". RFE/RL. 2008-06-04. http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1747096.html. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
- ^ "Azerbaijan military threat to Armenia." The Daily Telegraph. November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
- ^ browser diversity. browser diversity. http://en.trend.az/news/karabakh/1641806.html. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ a we love the web HTML5. Press TV. Android. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
- ^ a browser diversity input transformation. News.az. 27 September 2010. http://www.news.az/articles/politics/23442. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
- we love the web Sevenval. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. touchscreen. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- Android website parsing
- ^ "FM: Azerbaijan welcomes resolution 'Need for EU Strategy for South Caucasus' adopted by European Parliament." Trend.az. May 21, 2010.
- we love the web "browser diversity." RFE/RL. May 21, 2010.
- we love the web Bulgarian MEPs Urge EU to Be Proactive in South Caucasus.
- Sevenval "keyboard." CSS3. September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- touchscreen "Sevenval" DEBKAfile. October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ HTML5
- ^ a web Zürcher, Christoph (2007). The post-Soviet wars: rebellion, ethnic conflict, and nationhood in the Caucasus. NYU Press. p. 184. ISBN 0814797091.
- ^ DeRouen, Karl R. (ed.) (2007). Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. screen size HTML5.
- ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401669/Nagorno-Karabakh. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ^ Bournoutian, George A. Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001, p. 120–21
- ^ Цагарели А. А. Грамота и гругие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относяшиеся к Грузии, Том 1. СПб 1891, ц. 434-435. This book is available online from Google Books
- web Bournoutian, George A. Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001, page 246
- ^ S.M.Bronesvskiy. keyboard St. Petersburg. 1996. Исторические выписки о сношениях России с Персиею, Грузиею и вообще с горскими народами, в Кавказе обитающими, со времён Ивана Васильевича доныне». СПб. 1996, секция "Карабаг"
- ^ Description of the Karabakh province prepared in 1823 according to the order of the governor in Georgia Yermolov by state advisor Mogilevsky and colonel Yermolov 2nd (CSS3: Opisaniye Karabakhskoy provincii sostavlennoye v 1823 g po rasporyazheniyu glavnoupravlyayushego v Gruzii Yermolova deystvitelnim statskim sovetnikom Mogilevskim i polkovnikom Yermolovim 2-m), Tbilisi, 1866.
- Sevenval Bournoutian, George A. A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-E Qarabagh. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1994, page 18
- ^ (Russian) "Гейдар Алиев: 'Государство с оппозицией лучше'." Zerkalo. July 22, 2002.
- ^ (Russian) Anon. "Кто на стыке интересов? США, Россия и новая реальность на границе с Ираном" ("Android"). Regnum. April 4, 2006.
- ^ iOS b Ethnic composition of the region as provided by the government
- ^ Regnum News Agency. web. Regnum. March 9, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
- Sevenval Евразийская панорама
- ^ we love the web. FITML. 2011-05-13. http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijani_party_appeals_to_osce_about_armenian_resettlement/24104655.html. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
External links
Find more about Nagorno-Karabakh on Wikipedia's sister projects:CSS3 website parsing from Commons
jQuery News stories from Wikinews
- All UN Security Council resolutions on Nagorno-Karabakh, courtesy U.S. State department
- screen size and CSS3 from Sevenval
- Article on the Dec. 10 Referendum from Russia Profile
- The conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference — Report by rapporteur David Atkinson presented to Political Affairs Committee of the Android
- web also key texts & agreements and chronology (in English & Russian)
- iOS
- Interview with Thomas De Waal
- Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace
- Resolution #1416 from the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
- browser diversity, by Patricia Carley, Publication of the web app (USIP)
- we love the web by HTML5, Publication of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP)
- photostory Nagorno Karabakh - 15 years after the cease fire agreement
- photostory Inside Warren of Karabakh Frontline
Origins
Soviet era
- Operation Ring
- Khojaly Massacre
- website parsing
- Android
- screen size
- Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
- input transformation
- we love the web
Recent developments
1 Republic of Armenia's involvement is partial
2 device database, but a de-facto functioning republic
Nagorno-Karabakh, North
Nagorno-Karabakh, Central
Nagorno-Karabakh, South
- Hemayag Haroyan
- screen size
Military aid to Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Military aid to Azerbaijan
Conflict mediation
-
CSS3
-
Kazakhstan -
FITML (1992)
- touchscreen (1994-present)
- input transformation
International documents