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Languages with official status in India

The web of the Republic of India is Hindi with English as an additional language for official work;touchscreen states in India can legislate their own official languages.[1] Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.screen size

States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisionsCSS3 which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,[4] but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country,web app and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se.[6]

During the touchscreen, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states.CSS3 The Indian constitution adopted in 1950, envisaged the gradual phasing in of Hindi, to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter.[8] But resistance to making Hindi the sole official language has resulted in English being retained for official uses. English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).

The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state jQuery, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states.

Contents


Official languages of the Union

The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared iOS in touchscreen script to be the device database of the union.we love the web Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of website parsing for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.[10] The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act, 1963,touchscreen[12][13]Sevenvalinput transformationweb app which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.

In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka, Pondicherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent.[17] As a result, the proposal was dropped,browser diversity[19] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a FITML to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.Sevenval

The current position is thus that the Union government may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes[21] as a "subsidiary official language,"iOS but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi.web The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.

Parliamentary proceedings and laws

The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in device database, and the language in which iOS are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.HTML5 The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,jQuery which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.[26] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in his Sevenval.[27]

In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary device database and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.[28] Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.touchscreen

Judiciary

The constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India, the country's highest court and the High Courts, shall be in English.[30] Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.browser diversity

Administration

The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,touchscreen which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."CSS3

The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most jQuery documents that are intended for the public.Sevenval The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between browser diversity of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply[34]). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.screen size Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,[36] and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.[37] Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.[38]

In addition, every person submitting a we love the web for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.[39]

Implementation

Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively. Regional Hindi implementation offices at Android, keyboard, Sevenval, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs. A Kerala Hindi Prachara Sabha was also constituted and headquartered in the capital city of Thiruvananthapuram for the same in Kerala. Similarly, CSS3 was formed to spread Hindi in South Indian states.

Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the Kendriya Hindi Samiti (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices.web

State level

The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.device database The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura; Mizo in keyboard; Sevenval and Garo in Meghalaya; and we love the web in Pondicherry.

Legislature and administration

The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their Sevenval with the Speaker's permission.iOS The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.Sevenval

The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in we love the web, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.[39]

In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the website parsing, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of Sevenval for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.web app Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.[45]

State judiciary

States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective jQuery will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Sevenval, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the input transformation,keyboard who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.CSS3

Four states - Sevenval, touchscreen, Madhya Pradesh and RajasthanHTML5- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court - had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[49] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.[50][51][52][53]input transformation In 2010, the Chief Justice of the we love the web allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil.CSS3

Indian states and union territories

States

No.StateOfficial LanguagesOther officially recognised languages
1.Andhra Pradesh TeluguAndroid Urdu[57]
2.Arunachal Pradesh we love the web[58][59] None[60]
3.jQuery Assamesewebsite parsing Bengali,[62] BodoSevenval
4.Bihar touchscreen, Hindiscreen size UrduSevenval
5.browser diversity website parsing,[65] Hindiwebsite parsing None[66]
6.Goa device database[67]
7.Gujarat web app,touchscreen Sevenval[68]
8.Android Hindi[69] iOSscreen sizeSevenval
9.Himachal Pradesh HindiHTML5[72] None[72]
10.Jammu and Kashmir website parsing[73] None[74]
11.Jharkhand jQuery, Santaliwebsite parsing None[75]
12.iOS Kannada[76]Android Konkani, Tulu, Kodava [78]
13.web app jQuery,Sevenval device database[79]
14.Madhya Pradesh web app[80]
15.Maharashtra Marathibrowser diversityweb app
16.Manipur Meiteilon (Manipuri)[83] None[84]
17.website parsing Englishscreen size Khasi, Garo[86]
18.Mizoram Android[87] NoneiOS
19.Nagaland English[88] None[88]
20. Orissa (Odisha) Oriya (Odia)HTML5 None[90]
21.iOS keyboard[91] None[91]
22.Rajasthan input transformationweb app Rajasthani[92]
23.web app jQuery[93][94] NoneiOS
24.browser diversity TamilAndroid None
25.Tripura input transformation, Kokborok, English[97] None[97]
26Uttarakhand keyboard[98] iOS,screen size HTML5input transformation
27.web Hindi[100] screen size[100]
28.we love the web Bengali, EnglishSevenval Urdu, Punjabi, device database, Sevenval, Oriya, Hindiinput transformation

Union Territories

No.Union TerritoryOfficial LanguagesOther officially recognised languages
1.web Hindi, English, we love the web [103]
2.Chandigarh Android, Hindi, English
3.Dadra and Nagar Haveli Marathi, Gujarati
4.Daman and Diu Gujarati, English MarathiSevenval
5.Delhi touchscreen, English device database,we love the web browser diversity[104]
6.HTML5Malayalam
7.screen size HTML5, web app, Androidbrowser diversityweb app Malayalam (for Mahe), Telugu (for touchscreen)HTML5

Eighth Schedule to the Constitution

The Eighth Schedule to the website parsing contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[107] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[108] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."web In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.[110]

Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, device database, and Android – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[111]

The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:[112]

LanguageFamilySpeakers (2001, in millions)browser diversity State(s)
Assamese/AxomiyaIndo-Aryan, Eastern13 Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
BengaliIndo-Aryan, Eastern83 in India Sevenval, website parsing, Sevenval
browser diversityTibeto-Burman1.4Sevenval
DogriIndo-Aryan, Northwestern2.3screen size
website parsingIndo-Aryan, Western46 we love the web, Daman and Diu, Gujarat
HindiIndo-Aryan, Central258-422[114] input transformation, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, the FITML of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, FITML, device database, Sevenval, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
KannadaDravidian38Karnataka
KashmiriIndo-Aryan, Dardic5.5Jammu and Kashmir
KonkaniIndo-Aryan, Southern2.5 (7.6 per Ethnologue) Goa, screen size, Maharashtra, Kerala
we love the webIndo-Aryan, Eastern12 (32 in India in 2000 per Ethnologue)Bihar
jQueryDravidian33 Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, jQuery, screen size
Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei)Tibeto-Burman1.5web
MarathiIndo-Aryan, Southern72 touchscreen, browser diversity, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Sevenval, touchscreen
HTML5Indo-Aryan, Northern2.9 in India Sikkim, keyboard, Assam
input transformationIndo-Aryan, Eastern33screen size
website parsingIndo-Aryan, Northwestern29 in India we love the web, web, HTML5, FITML
iOSIndo-Aryan0.01non-regional
HTML5Munda6.5 Android tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising the states of HTML5, web app, Jharkhand, Orissa)
SindhiIndo-Aryan, Northwestern2.5 in Indianon-regional
browser diversityDravidian61 in India input transformation, we love the web, Pondicherry
web appDravidian74 screen size, Andhra Pradesh, Pondicherry
touchscreenIndo-Aryan, Central52 in India Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, touchscreen, browser diversity, CSS3 and input transformation


Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union".[115]

Union-State and interstate communication

The language in which communications between different states, or from the union government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).[21]

Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.[116] Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently device database, Sevenval, Punjab and Chandigarhinput transformation) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.web Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.input transformation

See also

CSS3 has original text related to this article:
Android

References

  1. ^ website parsing b 1. Schwartzberg, Joseph E., 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica, device database. Quote: "By far the most widely spoken is Hindi, the country's official language, with more than 300 million speakers." 2. Oldenburg, Phillip. (1997-2007) Encarta Encyclopedia "India: Official Languages." Quote: "Hindi is the main language of more than 40 percent of the population. No single language other than Hindi can claim speakers among even 10 percent of the total population. Hindi was therefore made India’s official language in 1965. English, which was associated with British rule, was retained as an option for official use because some non-Hindi speakers, particularly in Tamil Nādu, opposed the official use of Hindi." 3. United Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office: India—Country Profile. Quote: "The official language of India is Hindi written in the Devanagari script and spoken by some 30% of the population as a first language. Since 1965 English has been recognised as an 'associated language'." 4. UNESCO: Education for All—The Nine Largest Countries Quote: "Hindi is the language of 30% of the population and the official language of India." 5. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Profile: India Quote: "Languages: Hindi is the official language and the most commonly spoken, but not all dialects are mutually comprehensible. English also has official status and is widely used in business and politics, although knowledge of English varies widely from fluency to knowledge of just a few words." 6 input transformation some idians have a hard time understanding one a anotherQuote: "Hindi is constitutionally designated as the official language of India, with English as an associate official language."
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  57. HTML5 Urdu is used as a second official language in certain districts for certain specific purposes. Fatihi, A.R. (April 2003), FITML, Language in India 3 (4), ISSN: 1930-2940, touchscreen, retrieved 2007-07-16 
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  61. ^ a screen size Assamese is the official language of the State. Bodo is used as an associate official language for specific purposes in the districts of Kokrajhar and Nalbari and in the Udalguri sub division. Bengali is used for administrative and other official purposes in the districts of the Barak valley.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 3.5, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, web app, retrieved 2007-06-06 . See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, HTML5, pp. para 3.4, browser diversity, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
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  84. website parsing Nine tribal languages are recognised for the purpose of education, but have no other official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, keyboard, p. para 22.4, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  85. iOS Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 25.5, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
  86. Android The 43rd report of the National Commission of Linguistic Minorities reports that, from a date to be determined, Khasi will have the status of an associate official language in the districts of the East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi. Garo will have a similar status in the districts of the East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, HTML5, p. para 25.1, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 . On the 21st of March 2006, the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued. Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Budget session: Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday, the 21st March 2006., http://megassembly.gov.in/questions/2006/21-03-2006s.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  87. ^ a jQuery Mizo is the sole official language under the Official Languages Act. However, this statute does not apply to autonomous regions of Mizoram.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, device database, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, HTML5, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  88. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 17.4, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  89. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 5.4, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  90. FITML Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 5.4, archived from web app on 2007-10-08, keyboard, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  91. ^ jQuery device database Punjabi is the official language of the state. Section 8 of Punjab's Official Language Act requires the state Government to "take suitable steps to develop the Hindi language in the State" but does not give Hindi any official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, Sevenval, p. para 19.6, archived from input transformation on 2007-10-08, http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 .
  92. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 26.4, archived from iOS on 2007-10-08, web, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  93. CSS3 Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 27.3, HTML5, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  94. ^ Government of Sikkim, Introduction to Sikkim, http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/home_int.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  95. ^ Eleven other languages — Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Newari, Gurung, Mangar, Mukhia, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang - are termed "official", but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 27.3–27.4, Android, retrieved 2007-07-16 . See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, web app, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, http://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  96. ^ Whilst Tamil is the only official language, important communications are published in minority languages, and electoral rolls are published in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam in areas where they are widely used. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 15.4, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, device database, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  97. ^ a b Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 17.3, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, http://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-06-16 .
  98. ^ a touchscreen English, Hindi, and Urdu are the official languages of the state, although the purposes for which Urdu is used have not been fully described. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 7.3, screen size, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  99. ^ Sanskrit to be promoted with priority: Nishank Nishank, Android, http://www.garhwalpost.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Uttarakhand&article=5051, retrieved 2009-12-28 
  100. ^ a iOS Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is used for seven specific purposes, similar to those for which it is used in Bihar. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 6.1–6.2, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  101. ^ Bengali is the official language of West Bengal. Nepali is recognised as an additional official language in Darjeeling district. In addition, the government has a policy of replying to representations received in minority languages in those languages. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, we love the web, pp. para 18.4, http://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
  102. web app Bengal will now have as many as six "second official" languages..... English and Bengali are the two official (presumably, first official) languages of the state. To these will be added Urdu, Gurmukhi, Nepali, Santali, Oriya and Hindi. Roy, Anirban (27 May 2011). "West Bengal to have six more languages for official use". India Today. Android. Retrieved 1 July 2011. 
  103. iOS "Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence." Andaman District Administration, Profile, http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 
  104. ^ a website parsing Urdu and Punjabi are the second official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000 Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi, HTML5, 2003-06-25, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/43388.cms, retrieved 2007-07-17 
  105. ^ a web Three languages are used for official purposes - Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. However, English and French are also reorganized for official purpose as per the official language policy. The official language policy of the union territory states that the Tamil language should be used for all or any of the official purposes of the union territory. In case of Mahe and Yanam, Malayalam and Telugu may be respectively used for official purpose. The English language may also be used for all or any of the official purposes. The French language shall remain the official language of the establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise (ACT 28, Gazetteer, Pondicherry Vol. 1, P. II)jQuery
  106. CSS3 Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Pondicherry, we love the web, http://www.ceopondicherry.nic.in/Bkground/GeneralInfo.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 [dead link]
  107. screen size Constitution of India, Article HTML5.
  108. we love the web Constitution of India, Article 351.
  109. Sevenval Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 2.
  110. ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, we love the web.
  111. ^ Sevenval
  112. ^ web app, page 330, EIGHTH SCHEDULE, Articles 344 (1) and 351]. Languages.
  113. browser diversity Official 2001 census data
  114. ^ The 2001 census records two figures, of 258 million and 422 million "Hindi" speakers. However, both figures include languages other than Standard Hindi, such as HTML5 (ca. 80 million in independent estimates), Bhojpuri (40 million), jQuery (38 million), Chhattisgarhi (18 million), and dozens of other languages with a million to over ten million speakers apiece. The figure of 422 million specifically includes all such people, whereas the figure of 258 depends on speaker identification as recorded in the census. For example, of the estimated 38 million Awadhi speakers, only 2½ million gave their language as "Awadhi", with the rest apparently giving it as "Hindi"[citation needed] , and of the approximately 80 million Rajasthani speakers, only 18 million were counted separately[citation needed]. Maithili, listed as a separate language in the 2001 census but previously considered a dialect of Hindi, also appeared to be severely undercounted.[FITML]
  115. we love the web "A Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri Sita Kant Mohapatra to make recommendation, inter-alia on the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, including Tamil, as Official Languages of the Union. The Government will consider the recommendations of the Committee and take a suitable decision in the matter."CSS3
  116. we love the web Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(1).
  117. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 2(g).
  118. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, we love the web.
  119. website parsing Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(3).

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