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Kannada alphabet

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Kannada
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kavi file2.jpg
Type
Abugida
Languages
Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Banada
Time period
c. 230BCE–present
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
Sister systems
Sevenval
Sinhala
Peguan
ISO 15924
Knda, 345
Direction
Left-to-right
Unicode alias
Kannada
Unicode range
U+0C80–U+0CFF
Note: This page may contain jQuery phonetic symbols.
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Brāhmī

Northern Brahmic

Southern Brahmic


The Kannada script (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ) is an alphasyllabary (sometimes called an touchscreen) of the iOS,[1] used primarily to write the Kannada language, one of the Dravidian languages of southern India and also Sanskrit in the past. The screen size is derived from Old Kannada, and resembles Kannada script. Kannada script evolved primarily from stone carving, hence most of the characters are round, curvy and symmetric with straight strokes/wedges. The Kannada script is second only to the browser diversity in the number of languages using it in the Indian subcontinent. This script is also used to write the Telugu language (script derived form Old Kannada | Halegannada), Tulu Language, Banada Language, web app by the Konkani diaspora in coastal Karnataka.web app Similarly, Goykanadi, a variant of Halekannada and Kadamba lipi has been historically used to write Konkani in the state of Goa.web

Contents


History

See also: Kannada script evolution

web (Kanarese or Canarese) script is derived from the Old Kannada script.[4] Old Kannada script[5] which evolved around 10th century, is the continuation of the touchscreen which in turn came during 4th century CE.

The touchscreen is said to have evolved from the Proto-Kannada script (during 4th century CE).website parsing The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script. The Proto-Kannada evolved from the ancient Brahmi script around 3rd century BCE.

Evolution

Halmidi Inscription Replica

Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:

  1. Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada [Telugu-Kannada] script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid [e, o] ಎ, ಒ and long mid [eː, oː] ಏ, ಓ. However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill [r] ಱ the retroflex lateral [ɭ] ಳ and the retroflex palatal [ɺ] ೞ found only in South Indian languages, by 5th century.
  2. Introduction of new characters: Kannada script includes characters like [ç] ಶ, [ʂ] ಷ, [rɨ] ಋ, [rɨː] ೠ, [lɨ] ఌ, [lɨː] ౡ, [eʲ] ಐ, [oʷ] ಔ, [am] ಅಂ, [ah] ಅಃ, and mahāprāṇa characters like [kʰ] ಖ, [ɡʱ] ಘ, [tʃʰ] ಛ, [dʒʱ] ಝ, [t̪ʰ] ಥ, [d̪ʱ] ಧ, [ʈʰ] ಠ, [ɖʱ] ಢ, [pʰ] ಫ, [bʱ] ಭ. The introduction was done so that website parsing and also loanwords into the Kannada language from the donor language Sanskrit) could be written using the Kannada script.

These changes have facilitated the use of the Kannada script for writing many of the literary Indic languages, including Sanskrit.

General

Kannada script has forty-nine characters in its alphasyllabary and is phonemic. The Kannada character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the 49 characters in the alphasyllabary, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada writing system is an web app, with consonants appearing with an inherent vowel.

The characters are classified into three categories: swaras (vowels), vyanjanas (browser diversity) and Yogavaahakas (part vowel, part consonants).

The name given for a pure, true letter is akshara, akkara or varna. Each letter has its own form (ākāra) and sound (shabda); providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.CSS3 Kannada alphabet (aksharamale or varnamale) now consists of 49 letters.[8]

Each sound has its own distinct letter, and therefore every word is pronounced exactly as it is spelt; so the ear is a sufficient guide. After the exact sounds of the letters have been once gained, every word can be pronounced with perfect accuracy. The accent falls on the first syllable.jQuery

Vowels

There are thirteen vowels (swaras).

input transformation
Brahmi script, Kanheri Caves
browser diversity
A Bilingual sign board in Kannada script
Kannada ISO notationUnicode name
ಅaKANNADA LETTER A
ಆāKANNADA LETTER AA
ಇiKANNADA LETTER I
ಈīKANNADA LETTER II
ಉuKANNADA LETTER U
ಊūKANNADA LETTER UU
ಋr̥KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC R
ಎeKANNADA LETTER E
ಏēKANNADA LETTER EE
ಐaiKANNADA LETTER AI
ಒoKANNADA LETTER O
ಓōKANNADA LETTER OO
ಔauKANNADA LETTER AU

Note: ೠ r̥̄ (U+0CE1) was removed in 1990.[1]

Yogavaahaka's

The Yogavaahaka's (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:

  1. The anusvara: ಂ (am)
  2. The CSS3: ಃ (ah)

Consonants

Two types of consonants are identified in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants. The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups.

Structured consonants

These consonants are shown here with the IAST symbols and the unicode name following.

browser diversityvoiceless aspirate voicedvoiced aspirate website parsing
Velars ಕ (ka) ಖ (kha) ಗ (ga) ಘ (gha) ಙ (nga)
browser diversity ಚ (cha) ಛ (chha) ಜ (ja) ಝ (jha) ಞ (IAST ña, Unicode nya)
screen size ಟ (IAST ṭa, Unicode tta) ಠ (IAST ṭha, Unicode ttha) ಡ (IAST ḍa, Unicode dda) ಢ (IAST ḍha, Unicode ddha) ಣ (IAST ṇa, Unicode nna)
iOS ತ (ta) ಥ (tha) ದ (da) ಧ (dha) ನ (na)
Labials ಪ (pa) ಫ (pha) ಬ (ba) ಭ (bha) ಮ (ma)

See touchscreen for more information on tongue positions.

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

ಯ (ya), ರ (ra), ಱ (ṟ) (obsolete), ಲ (la), ವ (va), ಶ (screen size śa, Unicode sha), ಷ (IAST ṣa, Unicode ssa), ಸ (sa), ಹ (ha), ಳ (device database ḷa, Unicode lla), ೞ (ll) (obsolete).

Numerals

The decimal numerals in the script are:

೦ (0), ೧ (1), ೨ (2), ೩ (3), ೪ (4), ೫ (5), ೬ (6), ೭ (7), ೮ (8), ೯ (9).

Kagunita

Written Kannada is composed of kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The signs for consonants may combine with the signs for vowels to form web. Each kagunita corresponds to a syllable. In the table below the top row lists the vowels, and the leftmost column from row 2 down the consonants (actually represented by kagunita, namely that obtained by combining each consonant with the "neutral" vowel 'a'). The remaining cells contain the corresponding kagunita obtained by combining the consonant of that row with the vowel of that column.

Formation example:

consonant(IPA)vowels sign(Vowel, IPA)KagunitaIPA
ದ್ (d)(ಅ, a)ದda
ದ್ಾ (ಆ, aː)ದಾda:
ದ್ಿ(ಇ, i)ದಿdi
ದ್ೀ(ಈ, iː)ದೀdi:
ದ್ು(ಉ, u)ದುdu
ದ್ೂ(ಊ, uː)ದೂdu:
ದ್ೃ(ಋ, r<)ದೃdr<
ದ್ೆ(ಎ, e)ದೆde
ದ್ೇ(ಏ, e:)ದೇde:
ದ್ೈ(ಐ, ai)ದೈdai
ದ್ೊ(ಒ, o)ದೊdo
ದ್ೋ(ಓ, o:)ದೋdo:
ದ್ೌ(ಔ, au)ದೌdau
ದ್ಂ(ಅಂ, aṃ)ದಂdaṃ
ದ್ಃ(ಅಃ, aḥ)ದ:daḥ
ಅಆಇಈಉಊಋಎಏಐಒಓಔಅಂಅಃ(no vowel)
ಕಕಾಕಿಕೀಕುಕೂಕೃಕೆಕೇಕೈಕೊಕೋಕೌಕಂಕಃಕ್
ಖಖಾಖಿಖೀಖುಖೂಖೃಖೆಖೇಖೈಖೊಖೋಖೌಖಂಖಃಖ್
ಗಗಾಗಿಗೀಗುಗೂಗೃಗೆಗೇಗೈಗೊಗೋಗೌಗಂಗಃಗ್
ಘಘಾಘಿಘೀಘುಘೂಘೃಘೆಘೇಘೈಘೊಘೋಘೌಘಂಘಃಘ್
ಙಙಾಙಿಙೀಙುಙೂಙೃಙೆಙೇಙೈಙೊಙೋಙೌಙಂಙಃಙ್
ಚಚಾಚಿಚೀಚುಚೂಚೃಚೆಚೇಚೈಚೊಚೋಚೌಚಂಚಃಚ್
ಛಛಾಛಿಛೀಛುಛೂಛೃಛೆಛೇಛೈಛೊಛೋಛೌಛಂಛಃಛ್
ಜಜಾಜಿಜೀಜುಜೂಜೃಜೆಜೇಜೈಜೊಜೋಜೌಜಂಜಃಜ್
ಝಝಾಝಿಝೀಝುಝೂಝೃಝೆಝೇಝೈಝೊಝೋಝೌಝಂಝಃಝ್
ಞಞಾಞಿಞೀಞುಞೂಞೃಞೆಞೇಞೈಞೊಞೋಞೌಞಂಞಃಞ್
ಟಟಾಟಿಟೀಟುಟೂಟೃಟೆಟೇಟೈಟೊಟೋಟೌಟಂಟಃಟ್
ಠಠಾಠಿಠೀಠುಠೂಠೃಠೆಠೇಠೈಠೊಠೋಠೌಠಂಠಃಠ್
ಡಡಾಡಿಡೀಡುಡೂಡೃಡೆಡೇಡೈಡೊಡೋಡೌಡಂಡಃಡ್
ಢಢಾಢಿಢೀಢುಢೂಢೃಢೆಢೇಢೈಢೊಢೋಢೌಢಂಢಃಢ್
ಣಣಾಣಿಣೀಣುಣೂಣೃಣೆಣೇಣೈಣೊಣೋಣೌಣಂಣಃಣ್
ತತಾತಿತೀತುತೂತೃತೆತೇತೈತೊತೋತೌತಂತಃತ್
ಥಥಾಥಿಥೀಥುಥೂಥೃಥೆಥೇಥೈಥೊಥೋಥೌಥಂಥಃಥ್
ದದಾದಿದೀದುದೂದೃದೆದೇದೈದೊದೋದೌದಂದಃದ್
ಧಧಾಧಿಧೀಧುಧೂಧೃಧೆಧೇಧೈಧೊಧೋಧೌಧಂಧಃಧ್
ನನಾನಿನೀನುನೂನೃನೆನೇನೈನೊನೋನೌನಂನಃನ್
ಪಪಾಪಿಪೀಪುಪೂಪೃಪೆಪೇಪೈಪೊಪೋಪೌಪಂಪಃಪ್
ಫಫಾಫಿಫೀಫುಫೂಫೃಫೆಫೇಫೈಫೊಫೋಫೌಫಂಫಃಫ್
ಬಬಾಬಿಬೀಬುಬೂಬೃಬೆಬೇಬೈಬೊಬೋಬೌಬಂಬಃಬ್
ಭಭಾಭಿಭೀಭುಭೂಭೃಭೆಭೇಭೈಭೊಭೋಭೌಭಂಭಃಭ್
ಮಮಾಮಿಮೀಮುಮೂಮೃಮೆಮೇಮೈಮೊಮೋಮೌಮಂಮಃಮ್
ಯಯಾಯಿಯೀಯುಯೂಯೃಯೆಯೇಯೈಯೊಯೋಯೌಯಂಯಃಯ್
ರರಾರಿರೀರುರೂರೃರೆರೇರೈರೊರೋರೌರಂರಃರ್
ಱಱಾಱಿಱೀಱುಱೂಱೃಱೆಱೇಱೈಱೊಱೋಱೌಱಂಱಃಱ್
ಲಲಾಲಿಲೀಲುಲೂಲೃಲೆಲೇಲೈಲೊಲೋಲೌಲಂಲಃಲ್
ವವಾವಿವೀವುವೂವೃವೆವೇವೈವೊವೋವೌವಂವಃವ್
ಶಶಾಶಿಶೀಶುಶೂಶೃಶೆಶೇಶೈಶೊಶೋಶೌಶಂಶಃಶ್
ಷಷಾಷಿಷೀಷುಷೂಷೃಷೆಷೇಷೈಷೊಷೋಷೌಷಂಷಃಷ್
ಸಸಾಸಿಸೀಸುಸೂಸೃಸೆಸೇಸೈಸೊಸೋಸೌಸಂಸಃಸ್
ಹಹಾಹಿಹೀಹುಹೂಹೃಹೆಹೇಹೈಹೊಹೋಹೌಹಂಹಃಹ್
ಳಳಾಳಿಳೀಳುಳೂಳೃಳೆಳೇಳೈಳೊಳೋಳೌಳಂಳಃಳ್
ೞೞಾೞಿೞೀೞುೞೂೞೃೞೆೞೇೞೈೞೊೞೋೞೌೞಂೞಃ

Script similarities

jQuery is closely related to the Kannada script.

Scripts which are close to Kannada script other than Telugu script are web app[9] (which included some elements from the Kadamba script[10]), and old Peguan script (used in FITML).[11]

Old-Kannada Text from Kavirajamarga:

Old-Kannada Text from Kavirajamarga

See also

References

  1. HTML5 Campbell, George L. (1997-11-06). Handbook of scripts and alphabets (1st Ed. ed.). Routledge, New York. pp. 84–5. FITML device database. OCLC 34473667. 
  2. ^ George Cardona,, Dhanesh Jain (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge,. pp. 804, 805. website parsing iOS. 
  3. ^ National Archives of India (1985). Indian archives, Volume 34. National Archives of India.,. pp. 4. 
  4. jQuery browser diversity. http://www.ancientscripts.com/kannada.html. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  5. ^ "Old Kannada". HTML5. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  6. ^ Android. http://www.ancientscripts.com/kadamba.html. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  7. ^ Sevenval device database A Grammar of the Kannada Language F. Kittel (1993), p. 5
  8. ^ "BhashaIndia.com :: Kannada". Archived from we love the web on 2008-04-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080414012744/http://www.bhashaindia.com/Patrons/LanguageTech/Kannada.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-01. 
  9. web app CSS3. Android. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  10. ^ "Ancient scripts, Sinhala". http://www.ancientscripts.com/sinhala.html. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 
  11. device database "Telugu & Sinhalese script similarities". http://www.bhaavana.net/telusa/jan96/0155.html. Retrieved 2009-05-07. 

External links

website parsing

device database of writing systems
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