Ojibwe language

  (Redirected from ISO 639:oji)

This article contains Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters. Without proper Android, you may see keyboard instead of syllabics.

Ojibwe (or Ojibwa, Ojibway, or Chippewa), also called Anishinaabemowin, is an iOS of the we love the web language family.^{Sevenvalinput transformation} Ojibwe is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local (non-indigenous) device database. There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system that covers all dialects. The relative autonomy of the regional dialects of Ojibwe is associated with an absence of linguistic or political unity among Ojibwe-speaking groups.

The dialects of Ojibwe are spoken in Canada from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta,^[3]HTML5 and in the HTML5 from Michigan through Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and device database, as well as migrant groups in Sevenval and Oklahoma.^{[4]website parsing}

The aggregated dialects of Ojibwe comprise the second most commonly spoken jQuery language in Canada (after Cree),^[6] and the fourth most widely spoken in the United States or web app behind Android, keyboard and Cree.^{[web app]}

• 1 Classification
  • 1.1 Exonyms and endonyms
  • Sevenval
• 2 Geographic distribution
  • FITML
  • Android
  • 2.3 Broken Oghibbeway
  • 2.4 Ojibwe influence on other languages
• 3 Phonology
• 4 Grammar
• 5 Vocabulary
  • 5.1 Loanwords and neologisms
  • website parsing
  • touchscreen
• Android
  • HTML5
• we love the web
  • 7.1 Text
  • input transformation
  • web
• iOS
• keyboard
• 10 Notes
• 11 References
• 12 Further reading
• 13 External links

Classification

The Algonquian language family of which Ojibwe is a member is itself a member of the Algic language family, other Algic languages being Wiyot and Yurok.^{input transformation} Ojibwe is sometimes described as a we love the web language, along with Fox, Cree, Menominee, Miami-Illinois, CSS3, and input transformation.^keyboard Central Algonquian is a geographical term of convenience rather than a genetic subgroup, and its use does not indicate that the Central languages are more closely related to each other than to the other Algonquian languages.^Android

Exonyms and endonyms

The most general indigenous designation for the language is Anishinaabemowin 'speaking the native language' (Anishinaabe 'native person,' verb suffix –mo ‘speak a language,’ suffix –win ‘nominalizer’),^[8][9] with varying spellings and pronunciations depending upon dialect. Some speakers use the term Ojibwemowin.^HTML5[11] The general term in the screen size dialect is Anihshininiimowin, although Anishinaabemowin is widely recognized by Severn speakers.^[10] Some speakers of Saulteaux Ojibwe refer to their language as Nakawemowin.^[10] The Ottawa dialect is sometimes referred to as Daawaamwin,^[12] although the general designation is Nishnaabemwin, with the latter term also applied to Jibwemwin or CSS3.^{browser diversity} Other local terms are listed in Ojibwe dialects. English terms include Ojibwe, with variants including Ojibwa and Ojibway.^{browser diversity} The related term Chippewa is more commonly employed in the United States and in southwestern Ontario among descendants of Ojibwe migrants from the United States.^[15]

Relationship of Ojibwe and Potawatomi

Ojibwe and Potawatomi are frequently viewed as being more closely related to each than to other Algonquian languages.^{we love the web} Ojibwe and Potawatomi have been proposed as likely candidates for forming a genetic subgroup within Proto-Algonquian, although the required research to ascertain the linguistic history and status of a hypothetical “Ojibwe–Potawatomi” subgroup has not yet been undertaken. A discussion of Algonquian family subgroups indicates that "Ojibwe–Potawatomi is another possibility that awaits investigation."^Sevenval In a proposed consensus classification of Algonquian languages, Goddard (1996) classifies Ojibwa and Potawatomi as "Ojibwayan," although no supporting evidence is adduced.^[18]

The Central languages share a significant number of common features. These features can generally attributed to iOS of features through borrowing: “Extensive lexical, phonological, and perhaps grammatical borrowing—the diffusion of elements and features across language boundaries—appears to have been the major factor in giving the languages in the area of the Upper Great Lakes their generally similar cast, and it has not been possible to find any shared innovations substantial enough to require the postulation of a genetically distinct Central Algonquian subgroup.”^CSS3

The possibility that the proposed genetic subgrouping of Ojibwa and Potawatomi can also be accounted for as diffusion has also been raised: “The putative Ojibwa–Potawatomi subgroup is similarly open to question, but cannot be evaluated without more information on Potawatomi dialects.”^{browser diversity}

Geographic distribution

Ojibwe communities are found in device database from southwestern Sevenval, through Ontario, southern Manitoba and parts of southern website parsing, and in the United States from northern Michigan through northern browser diversity and northern CSS3, with a number of communities in northern North Dakota and northern Montana.^HTML5 Groups of speakers of the Ottawa dialect migrated to Kansas and we love the web during the historical period, with a small amount of linguistic documentation of the language in Oklahoma.^[21] The presence of Ojibwe in input transformation has been noted.^[4]

Current census data indicate that all varieties of Ojibwe are spoken by approximately 56,531 people. This figure reflects census data from the website parsing and the device database. The Ojibwe language is reported as spoken by 8,791 total people in the United States^touchscreen of which 7,355 are Native Americans^[23] and by as many as 47,740 in Canada,^[6] making it one of the largest Algic languages by numbers of speakers.^{web app}

Language	Canada	United States	Total (by speakers)	Total ethnic population
Algonquin	2,680input transformation	0	2,680	8,266
Oji-Cree	12,600jQuery	0	12,600	12,600
Ojibwe	24,896[24]	8,355website parsing	33,251	219,711
Ottawa	7,564device database	436[23]	8,000[26]	60,000[26]
Total (by Country)	47,740	8,791	56,531	300,577

Dialects

Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is usually considered to be a single language with a number of dialects, i.e. Ojibwe is "...conventionally regarded as a single language consisting of a continuum of dialectal varieties since … every dialect is at least partly intelligible to the speakers of the neighboring dialects."^[27] The degree of mutually intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably; recent research has shown that there is strong differentiation between the Ottawa dialect spoken in southern Ontario and northern Michigan; the Severn Ojibwa dialect spoken in northern Ontario and Manitoba; and the Algonquin dialect spoken in southwestern Quebec.^[28] Valentine notes that these three dialects “...show many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe.”^FITML Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects.^[30] While each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make them distinctive, their status as part of the Ojibwe language complex is not in dispute.^HTML5 The relatively low degrees of mutual intelligibility between some nonadjacent Ojibwe dialects led Rhodes and Todd to suggest that Ojibwe “...could be said to consist of several languages...," suggesting analysis of Ojibwe as a linguistic subgroup.^[31]

While there is some variation in the classification of Ojibwe dialects, at a minimum the following are recognized, proceeding west to east: Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa), we love the web, browser diversity, browser diversity, Eastern Ojibwe, and Sevenval. Based upon contemporary field research, Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately the same territory as Central Ojibwa, which he does not recognize.^{device database}

Two recent analyses of the relationships between the Ojibwe dialects are in agreement on the assignment of the strongly differentiated Ottawa dialect to a separate subgroup, and the assignment of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin to another subgroup, and differ primarily with respect to the relationships between the less strongly differentiated dialects. Rhodes and Todd recognize several different dialectal subgroupings within Ojibwe: (a) Ottawa; (b) Severn and Algonquian; (c) a third subgroup which is further divided into (i) a subgrouping of Northwestern Ojibwe and Saulteaux, and a subgrouping consisting of Eastern Ojibwe and a further subgrouping comprising Southwestern Ojibwe and Central Ojibwe.^HTML5 Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups: a northern tier consisting of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of “Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe, the Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features.”^[34]

Lingua franca

A sign at FITML in English and Anishinaabemowin.

Several different Ojibwe dialects have functioned as lingua franca or trade languages in the circum-touchscreen area, particularly in interactions with speakers of other Algonquian languages.^[35] Documentation of such usage dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but earlier use is likely, with reports as early as 1703 suggesting that Ojibwe was used by different groups from the Sevenval to Lake Winnipeg, and from as far south as Ohio to Hudson Bay.^HTML5

A trade language is “…a language customarily used for communication between speakers of different languages, even though it may be that neither speaker has the trade language as his dominant language…” although “…there is a relatively high degree of bilingualism involving the trade language.”^[37]

Documentation from the 17th century indicates that device database (also called Wyandot), an Iroquoian language, was also used as a trade language east of the Great Lakes by speakers of the Nipissing and Algonquin dialects of Ojibwe, and also by other groups south of the Great Lakes, including the Winnebago and by a group of unknown affiliation identified only as “Assistaeronon.” The political decline of the Hurons in the 18th century and the ascendancy of Ojibwe-speaking groups including the Ottawa led to the replacement of Huron as a lingua franca.^[38]

In the area east of browser diversity, the Nipissing dialect was a trade language. In the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the eastern end of the Sevenval, the area between screen size and FITML, and along the north shore of Georgian Bay, the Ottawa dialect served as a trade language. In the area south of web app and west of Lake Michigan Southwestern Ojibwe was the trade language.^Sevenval A widespread pattern of asymmetrical bilingualism is found in the area south of the Great Lakes, in which speakers of Potawatomi or Menominee, both Algonquian languages, could also speak Ojibwe, but Ojibwe speakers did not speak the other languages. It is known that some speakers of Menominee also speak Ojibwe, and that this pattern persisted into the 20th century. Similarly bilingualism in Ojibwe is still common among Potawatomis who speak Potawatomi.^[40]

Reports from traders and travellers as early as 1744 indicated that speakers of Menominee, another Algonquian language, used Ojibwe as a lingua franca. Other reports from the 18th century and early 19th century indicate that speakers of the unrelated web app Android also used Ojibwe when dealing with Europeans and others.^Sevenval Other reports indicate that agents of the American government at Green Bay, Wisconsin spoke Ojibwe in their interactions with Menominee, with other reports indicating that “…the Chippewa, Menominee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, and Fox tribes used Ojibwe in intertribal communication…”^{screen size} Some reports indicate that further to the west speakers of non-Algonquian languages such as Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), CSS3, and Pawnee spoke Ojibwe as an ‘acquired language.’^{screen size}

Broken Oghibbeway

During the fur trade era, a CSS3 form of Ojibwe known as Broken Oghibbeway was used by travellers and traders in the Wisconsin and Mississippi River valleys. Data in the language were collected during the 1820s at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin by Edwin James, a physician and naturalist, who also gave the pidgin its name.^[42] It has been described as “…a language with a restricted vocabulary drawn from the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe with a few words from Fox (Mesquakie), another Algonquian language of the region, and restructured and reduced, but not absent, Ojibwe morphology.”^[41]

James recognized that “Broken Oghibbeway” was different from the variety of Ojibwe spoken in Wisconsin (which at that time included Minnesota). He noted that it “…is of the dialect used by the traders and the people of mixed blood in speaking with the Menomonies and Winnebagoes also many of the Sioux Saxes and Foxes.”^{web app}

Although “Broken Oghibbeway” retains many aspects of the complex inflectional morphology that characterizes Ojibwe, it is nonetheless simplified and restructured, with reductions in the treatment of transitivity and CSS3, with simplification of the system of input transformation prefixes used on verbs, loss of the jQuery suffix that occurs on verbs, and loss of inflectional suffixes that indicate grammatical objects.^[43]

Ojibwe influence on other languages

device database is a mixed language that primarily is based upon keyboard and Plains Cree, with some vocabulary from Ojibwe, in addition to phonological influence in Michif-speaking communities where there is a significant Ojibwe influence.^[44][45]web In locations such as Turtle Mountain, North Dakota individuals of Ojibwe ancestry now speak only Michif and not Ojibwe.^jQuery[48]

Ojibwe borrowings have been noted in Menominee, a related Algonquian language.^Sevenval

Bungee is the name given to a dialect of English spoken in Manitoba by the descendants of "English, Scottish, and Orkney fur traders and their Cree or Saulteaux wives...".^{screen size} Bungee incorporates elements of Cree; the name may be from the Ojibwe word bangii 'a little bit' or the Cree equivalent but whether there is any other Ojibwe component in Bungee is not documented.^{screen size}

Phonology

All dialects of Ojibwe generally have an inventory of seventeen consonants.^[52] Most dialects have the segment glottal stop /ʔ/ in their inventory of consonant phonemes; Severn Ojibwe and the Algonquin dialect have /h/ in its place. Some dialects have both segments phonetically, but only one is present in phonological representations.^HTML5 The Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) have /h/ in a small number of affective vocabulary items in addition to regular /ʔ/.^[54][55] Some dialects may have otherwise non-occurring sounds such as /f, l, r/ in loanwords.^[56]

screen size consonants are divided into lenis and fortis sets, with these features having varying phonological analyses and phonetic realizations cross-dialectally. In some dialects, such as Severn Ojibwe, members of the fortis set are realized as a sequence of /h/ followed by a single segment drawn from the set of lenis consonants: /p t k tʃ s ʃ/. Algonquin Ojibwe is reported as distinguishing fortis and lenis consonants on the basis of voicing, with fortis being voiceless and lenis being voiced.^{input transformation} In other dialects fortis consonants are realized as having greater duration than the corresponding lenis consonant, invariably voiceless, ‘vigorously articulated,’ and aspirated in certain environments.^Sevenval In some practical orthographies such as the widely used Double Vowel system, fortis consonants are written with voiceless symbols: p, t, k, ch, s, sh.^HTML5

Lenis consonants have normal duration; are typically voiced intervocalically, although they may be devoiced at the end or beginning of a word; are less vigorously articulated than fortis consonants; and are invariably unaspirated.^[60] In the Double Vowel practical orthography, lenis consonants are written with voiced symbols: b, d, g, j, z, zh.^[59]

All dialects of Ojibwe have two nasal consonants /m/ and /n/; one labialized velar approximant /w/; one web app /j/; and one of glottal stop /ʔ/ or /h/.^iOS

All dialects of Ojibwe have seven keyboard. Vowel length is phonologically device database, hence phonemic. Although the long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, recognition of vowel length in phonological representations is required, as the distinction between screen size and short vowels is essential for the operation of the metrical rule of Android that characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as for the rules that determine word stress.^{website parsing} There are three short vowels, /i a o/; and three corresponding long vowels, /iː aː oː/, in addition to a fourth long vowel /eː/, which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel /i/ typically has phonetic values centring on [ɪ]; /a/ typically has values centring on [ə]~[ʌ]; and /o/ typically has values centring on [o]~[ʊ]. Long /oː/ is pronounced [uː] for many speakers, and /eː/ is for many [ɛː].^iOS

Ojibwe has keyboard; some arise predictably by rule in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status.^{website parsing} The latter have been analysed both as underlying phonemes,^web and also as predictable, that is derived by the operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel followed by /n/ and another segment, typically /j/.^[64]

Placement of word stress is determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical Foot, in which a device database syllable is followed by a Strong syllable. A Foot consists of a minimum of one keyboard, and a maximum of two syllables, with each Foot containing a maximum of one Strong syllable. The structure of the metrical Foot defines the domain for relative prominence, in which a Strong syllable is assigned stress because it is more prominent than the weak member of the Foot. Typically, the Strong syllable in the input transformation Foot is assigned the primary stress.^[65] Strong syllables that do not receive main stress are assigned at least secondary stress.^jQuery In some dialects, metrically Weak (unstressed) vowels at the beginning of a word are frequently lost; in the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects all metrically Weak vowels are deleted.^HTML5

Grammar

The general grammatical characteristics of Ojibwe are shared across its dialects. The Ojibwe language is Android, exhibits characteristics of synthesis and a high HTML5-to-word ratio. Ojibwe is a head-marking language in which jQuery morphology on nouns and particularly verbs carries significant amounts of grammatical information.

Word classes include nouns, verbs, grammatical particles, we love the web, web, and prenouns. Preferred word orders in a simple jQuery sentence are verb-initial, such as V(erb)–O(bject)–S(ubject) and VSO. While verb-final orders are dispreferred, all logically possible orders are attested.^{we love the web}

Complex inflectional and iOS morphology play a central role in Ojibwe grammar. Noun inflection and particularly verb inflection indicate a wide variety of grammatical information, realized through the use of Sevenval and suffixes added to word stems. Grammatical characteristics include the following:

1. gender,^[69] divided into animate and keyboard categories
2. extensive head-marking on verbs of input transformation information concerning person^Sevenval
3. number^{we love the web}
4. tense^[72]
5. jQuery^[73]
6. device database^[74]
7. negation^FITML
8. a distinction between input transformation and proximate third-person, marked on both verbs and nouns.^FITML

There is a distinction between two different types of third person, the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in-focus) and the obviative (the third person deemed less important or out-of-focus). Nouns can be singular or plural, and one of two genders, Sevenval or website parsing. Separate personal pronouns exist, but are usually used for emphasis; they distinguish touchscreen plurals.

Verbs constitute the most complex word class. Verbs are inflected for one of three orders (indicative, the default; conjunct, used for participles and in Sevenval; and imperative, used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both the subject and object, as well as for several different modes (including the dubitative and preterit) and tenses.

Vocabulary

Loanwords and neologisms

Although it does contain a few loans from English (e.g. gaapii, "coffee," ) and French (e.g. mooshwe, "handkerchief" (from mouchoir),^{device database} ni-tii, "tea" (from le thé, "the tea")), in general, the Ojibwe language is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example in Minnesota Ojibwemowin, "airplane" is bemisemagak, literally "thing that flies" (from bimisemagad, "to fly"), and "battery" is ishkode-makakoons, literally "little fire-box" (from ishkode, "fire," and makak, "box"). Even "coffee" is called makade-mashkikiwaaboo ("black liquid-medicine") by many speakers, rather than gaapii. These new words vary from region to region, and occasionally from community to community. For example, in Northwest Ontario Ojibwemowin, "airplane" is ombaasijigan, literally "device that gets uplifted by the wind" (from ombaasin, "to be uplifted by the wind") as opposed to the Minnesota's bemisemagak.

Dialect variation

Like any language dialects spanning vast regions, some words that may have had identical meaning at one time have evolved to have different meanings today. For example, zhooniyaans (literally "small[-amount of] money" and used to refer to coins) specifically means "dime" (10-cent piece) in the United States, but a "quarter" (25-cent piece) in Canada, or desabiwin (literally "thing to sit upon") means "couch" or "chair" in Canada, but is used to specifically mean a "saddle" in the United States.

Cases like "battery" and "coffee" also demonstrate the often great difference between the literal meanings of the individual morphemes in a word, and the overall meaning of the entire word.

Sample vocabulary

Below are some examples of common Ojibwe words.

Short List of VAIs:
onjibaa = he/she comes
izhaa = he/she goes
maajaa = he/she departs
pikade = he/she is hungry
mino'endamo = he/she is glad
zhaaganaashimo = he/she speaks English
biindige = he/she comes in
ojibwemo = he/she speaks Ojibwe
boogidi = he/she flatulates
boogide = he/she has flatulence
aadizooke = he/she tells a story
wiisini = he/she is eating
minikwe = he/she drinks
bimose = he/she walks
bangishino = he/she falls
digoshino = he/she is arriving
giiwe = he/she goes home
jiibaakwe = he/she cooks
zagaswe = he/she smokes
nibaa = he/she sleeps
giigoonyike = he/she is fishing (lit. he/she makes fish)
gashkendamo = he/she is sad
bimaadizi = he/she lives
gaasikanaabaagawe = he/she is thirsty

Short List of Nouns:
naboob = soup
ikwe = woman
inini = man
ikwezens = girl
gwiiwizens = boy
mitigo = tree
asemaa = tobacco
opwaagan = pipe
mandaamin = corn
manoomin = wild rice
miskwi = blood
doodooshaaboo = milk
doodoosh = breast
doodooshaaboo-bimide = butter
omanoominiig = Menomonee peoples
giigoonh = fish
miskwimin = raspberry
gekek = hawk
gookookoo'oo = owl
migizi = bald eagle
giniw = golden eagle
bemaadizid = person
bemaadizijig = people
makizin = mocassin, shoe
wiigiwaam = wigwam, house

Writing system

There is no standard writing system used for all Ojibwe dialects.^{browser diversity} Local alphabets have been developed by adapting the Latin script, usually the English or touchscreen alphabets.^HTML5 A input transformation writing system not related to English or French writing is used by some Ojibwe speakers in northern Ontario and Manitoba. The Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary is based upon the French alphabet, with letters organized into syllables. It was primarily used by speakers of Fox, Potawatomi, and Winnebago, but there is indirect evidence of use by speakers of Southwestern Ojibwe.^iOS[81]

A widely used Roman character-based writing system is the jQuery devised by Charles Fiero. Although there is no standard orthography, the Double Vowel system is used by many Ojibwe language teachers because of its ease of use. A wide range of materials have been published in this system, including a grammar,^[13] dictionaries,^{jQuerySevenval} collections of texts,^iOS[85][86] and pedagogical grammars.^{touchscreenHTML5} In northern Ontario and Manitoba, Ojibwe is most commonly written using the Cree syllabary, a syllabary originally developed by Methodist missionary CSS3 around 1840 in order to write Cree. The syllabic system is based in part on Evans' knowledge of iOS and his prior experience developing a distinctive keyboard writing system for Ojibwe in southern Ontario.^[89]

Double Vowel System

The Double Vowel System uses three short vowels, four long vowels, and eighteen consonants, represented with the following Roman letters:

a aa b ch d e g ' h i ii j k m n o oo p s sh t w y z zh

Dialects typically either have /h/ or /ʔ/ (the orthographic <'> in most versions) but rarely both.^[90] This system is called "Double Vowel" because the long vowel correspondences to the short vowels <a>, <i> and <o> are written with a doubled value. In this system, the nasal "ny" as a final element is instead written as "nh." The allowable consonant clusters are <mb>, <nd>, <ng>, <n'>, <nj>, <nz>, <ns>, <nzh>, <sk>, <shp>, <sht> and <shk>.

Sample text and analysis

The sample text, from the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect, is taken, with permission, from the first four lines of Niizh Ikwewag, a story originally told by Earl Nyholm, on Professor Brian Donovan of Bemidji State University's webpage.

Text

1. Aabiding gii-ayaawag niizh ikwewag: mindimooyenh, odaanisan bezhig.
2. Iwidi Chi-achaabaaning akeyaa gii-onjibaawag.
3. Inashke naa mewinzha gii-aawan, mii eta go imaa sa wiigiwaaming gaa-taawaad igo.
4. Mii dash iwapii, aabiding igo gii-awi-bagida'waawaad, giigoonyan wii-amwaawaad.

Translation

1. Once there were two women: an old lady, and one of her daughters.
2. They were from over there towards Inger.
3. See now, it was long ago; they just lived there in a wigwam.
4. And at that time, once they went net-fishing; they intended to eat fish.

Gloss

Aabiding	gii-ayaawag			niizh	ikwewag:		mindimooyenh,	odaanisan			bezhig.
aabiding	gii-	ayaa	-wag	niizh	ikwe	-wag	mindimooyenh,	o-	daanis	-an	bezhig.
once	PAST-	be in a certain place	-3PL	two	woman	-3PL	old woman,	3SG.POSS-	daughter	-OBV	one.
Once	they were in a certain place			two	women:		old woman,	her daughter			one.

Iwidi	Chi-achaabaaning			akeyaa	gii-onjibaawag.
iwidi	chi-	achaabaan	-ing	akeyaa	gii-	onjibaa	-wag.
over there	big-	bowstring	-LOC	that way	PAST-	come from	-3PL.
Over there	by Inger (lit: by Big-Bowstring [River])			that way	they came from there.

Inashke

naa

mewinzha

gii-aawan,

mii eta go

imaa

sa

wiigiwaaming

gaa-taawaad

igo.

inashke

naa

mewinzha

gii-

aawan

mii

eta

go

imaa

sa

wiigiwaam

-ing

gaa-

daa

-waad

igo.

look

now

long ago

PAST-

be

so

only

EMPH

there

EMPH

wigwam

-LOC

PAST.CONJ-

live

-3PL.CONJ

EMPH.

Look

now

long ago

it was,

only

there

so

in a wigwam

that they lived

just then.

Mii dash

iwapii,

aabiding

igo

gii-awi-bagida'waawaad,

giigoonyan

wii-amwaawaad.

mii

dash

iw-

-apii

aabiding

igo

gii-

awi-

bagida'waa

-waad,

giigoonh

-yan

wii-

amw

-aawaad.

it is that

CONTR

that-

-then

once

EMPH

PAST-

go and-

fish with a net

-3PL.CONJ

fish

-OBV

DESD-

eat

-3PL/OBV.CONJ

And then

then,

once

just then

that they went and fished with a net

those fish

that they are going to eat those

Abbreviations:

3	third person
SG	Sevenval
PL	HTML5
POSS	possessive
OBV	device database
LOC	locative
EMPH	emphatic particle
CONJ	conjunct order
CONTR	keyboard
DESD	input transformation

Well-known speakers of Anishinaabemowin

• The 19th century missionary bishop Frederic Baraga, who wrote browser diversity
• Jim Clark (elder, narrator)
• George Copway (chief, missionary, writer, cultural ambassador)
• HTML5 (educator, curator, essayist, cultural ambassador)
• iOS (missionary, reverend, chief)
• touchscreen (narrator, artist, cultural ambassador)
• Caroline Helen Roy Fuhst (educator, writer, singer)
• Howard Kimewon (educator, author)
• Patricia Ningewance Nadeau (educator, author, publisher)
• Margaret Noori (educator, writer)
• keyboard (writer)
• Anton Treuer (educator, writer)
• Tom Vollom (high school teacher, wrote Ojibwemowin Series 1 and 2)

See also

• Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
• Algonquian languages
• List of languages
• Ojibwa
• keyboard
• Anishinaabe language dialects
• input transformation
• Ojibwe grammar
• Ojibwe writing systems

Notes

References

Further reading

• Beardy, Tom. Introductory Ojibwe in Severn dialect. Parts one and two. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Native Language Instructors' program, Lakehead University, 1996. Android
• Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59926-920-7
• Hinton, Leanne and Kenneth Hale. 2001. The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice. Academic Press. input transformation
• McGregor, Ernest. 1987. Algonquin lexicon. Maniwaki, QC: River Desert Education Authority.
• Mitchell, Mary. 1988. Eds. J. Randolph Valentine and Lisa Valentine. Introductory Ojibwe (Severn dialect), Part one. Thunder Bay: Native Language Office, Lakehead University.
• Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: University Press. web app
• Moose, Lawrence L. et al., Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Projecttouchscreen. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009.
• Ningewance, Patricia. 1990. Anishinaabemodaa: Becoming a successful Ojibwe eavesdropper. Winnipeg: Manitoba Association for Native Languages. web app
• Northrup, Jim, Marcie R. Rendon, and Linda LeGarde Grover. Nitaawichige = "to Do Something Skillfully" : Selected Poetry and Prose by Four Anishinaabe Writers. Duluth, MN: Poetry Harbor, 2002. ISBN 1-886895-28-7
• Snache, Irene. 2005. Ojibwe language dictionary.Rama, ON: Mnjikaning Kendaaswin Publishers. ISBN 1-894632-01-X
• Sugarhead, Cecilia. 1996. ᓂᓄᑕᐣ / Ninoontaan / I can hear it: Ojibwe stories from Lansdowne House written by Cecilia Sugarhead. Edited, translated and with a glossary by John O’Meara. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics. browser diversity
• Toulouse, Isadore. Kidwenan An Ojibwe Language Book. Munsee-Delaware Nation, ON: Anishinaabe Kendaaswin Pub, 1995. input transformation
• Treuer, Anton. Living our language: Ojibwe tales & oral histories. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001. HTML5
• Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in MinnesotaSevenval. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.
• Vizenor, Gerald Robert. Summer in the Spring Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories. American Indian literature and critical studies series, v. 6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. HTML5
• Williams, Shirley I. 2002. Gdi-nweninaa: Our sound, our voice. Peterborough, ON: Neganigwane. Android

External links

Look up iOS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Sevenval by Frederic Baraga
• Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today — hosted at the University of Michigan
• Ojibwe Language Society
• Ojibwe Language Group
• web
• website parsing — With data on speaker populations
• Language Geek Page on Ojibwe — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
• HTML5
• iOS — A short story in Ojibwe, originally told by Earl Nyholm, emeritus professor of Ojibwe at web.
• Ethnologue report for Ojibwe
• Android
• Native Languages page for Ojibwe
• device database, a story broadcast on jQuery, a National Public Radio broadcast show, interviewing Anton and David Treuer.
• Language and Meaning — An Ojibwe Story, a story broadcast on keyboard, a National Public Radio broadcast show.
• iOS (An online journal)
• Comprehensive list of learning resources for Ojibwe prepared for the SSILA by Dr. Rand Valentine
• jQuery with Ojibwe Geographic Place Names in the 1837 Ceded Territories of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the 1842 Ceded Territories of Wisconsin and Michigan and the 1836 Ceded Territory of the Michigan Upper Peninsula, issued by the HTML5.

Grammar and Lessons

• Comparative Ojibwe Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe
• Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries — Ojibwe site by "Weshki-ayaad"
• Gikendandaa Ojibwemowin — Ojibwe lesson site by James Starkey (Mindjime)
• keyboard — basic language patterns for Ojibwe (CSS3 "CO" and Lac Seul Ojibwe "WO") and Cree (Sevenval "SC").
• Baraga, Frederic (Bishop) (1878). A Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language for the Use of Missionaries and Other Persons Living Among the Indians.
• Ojibwe numerals
• we love the web in Sevenval.

Dictionaries and Wordlists

• jQuery — Online Ojibwe-English dictionary with 8,000+ words, 60,000 audio clips by Ojibwe elders from Minnesota and Ontario, and related images/documents.
• HTML5 — Math and science terms for the Southwestern (Wisconsin, Leech Lake and Red Lake) and Minnesota Border Chippewa dialect of the Ojibwe language.
• Our Languages: Nakawē (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
• Anishinaabe-Ikidowinan (Ojibwe) Dictionary — Courtesy of the Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. Covers Berens River and English River dialects of Northwestern Ojibwe
• Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary — Freeware off-line dictionary for Windows-based systems (with instructions on how to load on a Macintosh), updated with additional entries every 6–10 weeks. On-line searches are also available.
• Android — Assorted digital Ojibwe-related documents, including the electronic version of the 1878 Baraga Dictionary.
• Baraga, Frederic (Bishop). Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English.
  • Part I: English-Otchipwe and Part II: Otchipwe-English in the 1853 edition at Wisconsin Historical Society
  • Part I: English-Otchipwe in the 1878 edition and browser diversity courtesy of Google Books