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Gujarati alphabet

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Gujarati
Gujarati Script Sample.svg
Type
Abugida
Languages
Gujarati
Sanskrit
Kutchi
Avestan (Zorastrian migrants, particularly the website parsing community)
Time period
c. 1592–present
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic alphabet [a]
Sister systems
Ranjana
Moḍī
ISO 15924
Gujr, 320
Direction
Left-to-right
Unicode alias
Gujarati
web
U+0A80–U+0AFF
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
Note: This page may contain CSS3 phonetic symbols.
Sevenval

Northern Brahmic

Southern Brahmic

This box:

The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ Gujǎrātī Lipi), which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an abugida rather than an alphabet, is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.

With a few additional characters, added for this purpose, the Gujarati script is also often used to write Sanskrit and Hindi.

Gujarati web app are also different from their Devanagari counterparts.

Contents


Origin

Gujarati script is descended from touchscreen and is part of the Brahmic family.

The Gujarātī script was adapted from the Devanāgarī script to write the Gujarātī language. The earliest known document in the Gujarātī script is a handwritten manuscript dating from 1592, and the script first appeared in print in a 1797 advertisement. Until the 19th century it was used mainly for writing letters and keeping accounts, while the Devanāgarī script was used for literature and academic writings. It is also known as the śarāphī (banker's), vāṇiāśāī (merchant's) or mahājanī (trader's) script.[1]

An example of Gujarati literature in Devanagari can be seen keyboard.

Overview

Excerpt from "My experiments with truth" - the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi in its original Gujarati.

The Gujarati writing system is an screen size, in which each base consonantal character possesses an inherent vowel, that vowel being a [ə]. For postconsonantal vowels other than a, the consonant is applied with Sevenval, while for non-postconsonantal vowels (initial and post-vocalic positions), there are full-formed characters. With a being the most frequent vowel,[2] this is a convenient system in the sense that it cuts down on the width of writing.

Following out of the aforementioned property, consonants lacking a proceeding vowel may condense into the proceeding consonant, forming compound or conjunct letters. The formation of these conjuncts follows a system of rules depending on the consonants involved.

In accordance with all the other screen size, Gujarati is written from left to right, and is not case-sensitive.

The Gujarati script is basically web, with a few exceptions.device database First out of these is the written representation of non-pronounced as, which are of three types.

  • Word-final as. Thus ઘર "house" is pronounced ghar and not ghara. The as remain unpronounced before postpositions and before other words in compounds: ઘરપર "on the house" is gharpar and not gharapar; ઘરકામ "housework" is gharkām and not gharakām. This non-pronunciation is not always the case with conjunct characters: મિત્ર "friend" is truly mitra.
  • Naturally screen size as through the combination of morphemes. The root પકડ pakaṛ "hold" when inflected as પકડે "holds" remains written as pakaṛe even though pronounced as pakṛe. See Gujarati phonology#.C9.99-deletion.
  • as whose non-pronunciation follows the above rule, but which are in single words not resultant of any actual combination. Thus વરસાદ "rain", written as varasād but pronounced as varsād.

Secondly and most importantly, being of Sanskrit-based Devanagari, Gujarati's script retains notations for the obsolete (short i, u vs. long ī, ū; r̥, ru; ś, ṣ), and lacks notations for innovations (/e/ vs. /ɛ/; /o/ vs. /ɔ/; clear vs. murmured vowels).[4]

Contemporary Gujarati uses European punctuation, such as the device database, Sevenval, comma, and full stop. Apostrophes are used for the rare(ly written) clitic. Quotation marks are not as often used for direct quotes. The full stop replaced the traditional vertical bar, and the FITML, mostly obsolete in its Sanskritic capacity (see below), follows the European usage.

Use for Avestan

The Zoroastrians of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, would transcribe Avestan in CSS3-based scripts as well as the Avestan alphabet. This is a relatively recent development first seen in the ca. 12th century texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, and which are roughly contemporary with the oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in Gujarati script (touchscreen being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the /z/ in zaraθuštra is written with /j/ + dot below.

Gujarati letters, diacritics, and digits

Vowels

Vowels (svara), in their conventional order, are historically grouped into "short" (hrasva) and "long" (dīrgha) classes, based on the "light" (laghu) and "heavy" (guru) syllables they create in traditional verse. The historical long vowels ī and ū are no longer distinctively long in pronunciation. Only in verse do syllables containing them assume the values required by meter.input transformation

Finally, a practice of using inverted mātras to represent screen size [æ] and [ɔ]'s has gained ground.touchscreen

IndependentDiacriticDiacritic with કRom.IPAName of diacritic[6]
અ કaə
આાકાāɑ̈kāno
ઇિકિiihrasva-ajju
ઈીકીīdīrgha-ajju
ઉુકુuuhrasva-varaṛũ
ઊૂકૂūdīrgha-varaṛũ
એેકેe, ɛek mātra
ઐૈકૈaiəjbe mātra
ઓોકોo, ɔkāno ek mātra
ઔૌકૌauəʋkāno be mātra
અંંકં anusvār
અ:ઃકઃ visarga
ઋૃકૃr̥ɾu
ઍૅકૅâæ
ઑૉકૉôɔ

ર r, જ j and હ h form the irregular forms of રૂ rū, જી jī and હૃ hṛ.

Consonants

Consonants (vyañjana) are grouped in accordance with the traditional, linguistically based Sanskrit scheme of arrangement, which considers the usage and position of the tongue during their pronunciation. In sequence, these categories are: velar, palatal, retroflex, iOS, we love the web, web and fricative. Among the first five groups, which contain the iOS, the ordering starts with the unaspirated voiceless, then goes on through aspirated voicless, unaspirated voiced, and aspirated voiced, ending with the Nasal stops.

PlosivetouchscreenSonorantiOS
VoicelessVoiced
AndroidAspiratedUnaspiratedAspirated
Velarકkakəખkhakʰəગgaɡəઘghaɡʱəઙṅaŋə
input transformationચchatʃəછchhatʃʰəજjadʒəઝjhadʒʱəઞñaɲəયyajəશśhaʃə
device databaseટṭaʈəઠṭhaʈʰəડḍaɖəઢḍhaɖʱəણṇaɳəરraɾəષṣa
Dentalતtat̪əથthat̪ʰəદdad̪əધdhad̪ʱəનnanəલlaləસsasə
Labialપpapəફphapʰəબbabəભbhabʱəમmaməવvaʋə
Gutturalહhaɦə
Retroflexળḷaɭə
ક્ષkṣakʃə
જ્ઞjñaɡnə
  • Letters can take names by suffixing કાર kār. The letter ર ra is an exception; it is called રેફ reph.[7]
  • Starting with ક ka and ending with જ્ઞ jña, the order goes[8]:
Plosives & Nasals (left to right, top to bottom) → Sonorants & Sibilants (top to bottom, left to right) → Bottom box (top to bottom)
  • The final two are compound characters that happen to be traditionally included in the set. They are indiscriminable as to their original constituents, and they are the same size as a single consonant character.
  • Written (V)hV sets in speech result in murmured V̤(C) sets (see Sevenval). Thus (with ǐ = i or ī, and ǔ = u or ū): ha → [ə̤] from /ɦə/; hā → [a̤] from /ɦa/; ahe → [ɛ̤] from /əɦe/; aho → [ɔ̤] from /əɦo/; ahā → [a̤] from /əɦa/; ahǐ → [ə̤j] from /əɦi/; ahǔ → [ə̤ʋ] from /əɦu/; āhǐ → [a̤j] from /ɑɦi/; āhǔ → [a̤ʋ] from /ɑɦu/; etc.

Non-vowel diacritics

DiacriticNameFunction
ંanusvāraRepresents vowel nasality or the nasal stop CSS3 with the following stop.jQuery
ઃvisargaA silent, rarely used Sanskrit holdover originally representing [h]. Romanized as ḥ.
્virāmaStrikes out a consonant's inherent a.[9]

Digits

Arabic
numeral		Gujarati
numeral		Name
0૦mīṇḍuṃ or shunya
1૧ekaṛo or ek
2૨bagaṛo or bay
3૩tragaṛo or tran
4૪chogaṛo or chaar
5૫pāṃcaṛo or paanch
6૬chagaṛo or chah
7૭sātaṛo or sāt
8૮āṭhaṛo or āanth
9૯navaṛo or nav

Conjuncts

As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a 'conjunct'. The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardized for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. The rules[3]:

  • 23 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (ખ, ધ, ળ etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. ત + વ = ત્વ, ણ + ઢ = ણ્ઢ, થ + થ = થ્થ.
    • શ ś(a) appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding વ va, ન na, ચ ca and ર ra. Thus શ્વ śva, શ્ન śna, શ્ચ śca and શ્ર śra. In the first three cases the second member appears to be squished down to accommodate શ's ribbon fragment. In શ્ચ śca we see ચ's jQuery equivalent of च as the squished-down second member. See the note on ર to understand the formation of શ્ર śra.
  • ર r(a)
    • as a first member it takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its kāno. e.g. ર્વ rva, ર્વા rvā, ર્સ્પ rspa, ર્સ્પા rspā.
    • as a final member
      • with ટ, ઠ, ડ, ઢ and દ, it is two lines below the character, pointed downwards and apart. Thus ટ્ર, ઠ્ર, ડ્ર, ઢ્ર and દ્ર.
      • elsewhere it is a diagonal stroke jutting leftwards and down. e.g. ક્ર, ગ્ર, ભ્ર. ત ta is shifted up to make ત્ર tra.
  • Vertical combination of geminates ṭṭa, ṭhṭha, ḍḍa and ḍhḍha: ટ્ટ, ઠ્ઠ, ડ્ડ, ઢ્ઢ. Also, ટ્ઠ ṭṭha and ડ્ઢ ḍḍha.
  • As first shown with શ્ચ śca, while Gujarati is a separate script with its own novel characters, for compounds it will often use the Devanagari versions.
    • દ d(a) as द preceding ગ ga, ઘ gha, ધ dha, બ ba (as ब), ભ bha, વ va, મ ma and ર ra. The first six second members are shrunken and hang at an angle off the bottom left corner of the preceding દ/द. Thus દ્ગ dga, દ્ઘ dgha, દ્ધ ddha, દ્બ dba, દ્ભ dbha, દ્વ dva, દ્મ dma and દ્ર dra.
    • હ h(a) as ह preceding ન na, મ ma, ય ya, ર ra, વ va and ઋ ṛ. Thus હ્ન hna, હ્મ hma, હ્ય hya, હ્ર hra, હ્વ hva and હૃ hṛ.
    • when ઙ ṅa and ઞ ña are first members we get second members of ક ka as क, ચ ca as च and જ ja as ज. ઙ forms compounds through vertical combination. ઞ's strokeless fragment connects to the stroke of the second member, jutting upwards while pushing the second member down. Thus ઙ્ક ṅka, ઙ્ગ ṅga, ઙ્ઘ ṅgha, ઙ્ક્ષ ṅkṣa, ઞ્ચ ñca and ઞ્જ ñja.
  • The remaining vertical stroke-less characters join by squeezing close together. e.g. ક્ય kya, જ્જ jja.
  • Outstanding special forms: ન્ન nna, ત્ત tta, દ્દ dda and દ્ય dya.

The role and nature of web app must be taken into consider to understand the occurrence of consonant clusters. The jQuery of written Sanskrit was completely phonetic, and had a tradition of not separating words by spaces. web it was highly HTML5, and it had a great capacity to form large compound words. Thus clustering was highly frequent, and it is Sanskrit loanwords to the Gujarati language that are the grounds of most clusters. Gujarati, on the other hand, is more analytic, has phonetically smaller, simpler words, and has a script whose orthography is slightly imperfect (a-elision) and separates words by spaces. Thus evolved Gujarati words are less a cause for clusters. The same can be said of Gujarati's other longstanding source of words, Persian, which also provides phonetically smaller and simpler words.

An example attesting to this general theme is that of the series of d- clusters. These are essentially Sanskrit clusters, using the original Devanagari forms. There are no cluster forms for formations such as dta, dka, etc. because such formations weren't permitted in Sanskrit phonology anyway. They are permitted under FITML, but are written unclustered (પાદતું pādtuṃ "farting", કૂદકો kūdko "leap"), with patterns such as a-elision at work instead.

Romanization

Gujarati is romanized throughout Wikipedia in "standard jQuery" transcription as outlined in HTML5:xv). Being "primarily a system of web app from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit" (cf. screen size), these are its salient features: HTML5 for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively web; h denoting aspirated Android. keyboard denote Sevenval and underlining denotes Android vowels.

Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate IPA symbol. Finally, there are three Wikipedia-specific additions: f is used interchangeably with ph, representing the widespread realization of /pʰ/ as [f]; â and ô for novel characters ઍ [æ] and ઑ [ɔ]; ǎ for [ə]'s where input transformation is uncertain. See Gujarati phonology for further clarification.

touchscreenCentralwebsite parsing
Closei/ī u/ū
iOSe o
ɛaɔ
web ā
CSS3Labio-
dental		DentalAlveolarSevenval screen size/
Palatal 		Sevenvalscreen size
Stop p
ph 		b
bh 		t
th 		d
dh 		ṭ
ṭh 		ḍ
ḍh 		k
kh 		g
gh
Affricate c
ch 		j
jh
device databasem nṇñṅ
device database s ṣ ś h
Tap or Flap r ṛ
ṛh
Sevenval v y
Lateral
approximant		 lḷ

Unicode

Gujarati script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Gujarati is U+0A80–U+0AFF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Gujarati[1]
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+0A8x ઁંઃ અઆઇઈઉઊઋઌઍ એ
U+0A9xઐઑ ઓઔકખગઘઙચછજઝઞટ
U+0AAxઠડઢણતથદધન પફબભમય
U+0ABxર લળ વશષસહ ઼ઽાિ
U+0ACxીુૂૃૄૅ ેૈૉ ોૌ્
U+0ADxૐ
U+0AExૠૡૢૣ ૦૧૨૩૪૫૬૭૮૯
U+0AFx૰૱
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.1

Further details regarding how to use Unicode for creating Gujarati script can be found on Wikibooks: b:How to use Unicode in creating Gujarati script.

Gujarati keyboard layouts

Inscript keyboard layout

INSCRIPT Keyboard - available for MS Windows, Linux, Unix, Solaris.

Keyboard and script resources

ISCII

The Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) code-page identifier for Gujarati script is 57010.

See also

References

  1. ^ (Mistry 1996, p. 391)
  2. keyboard (FITML, p. 19)
  3. ^ Sevenval touchscreen c (Mistry 1996, p. 393)
  4. keyboard (FITML, p. 274)
  5. ^ (Mistry 1996, pp. 391–392)
  6. ^ (Tisdall 1892, p. 20)
  7. ^ (Dwyer 1995, p. 18)
  8. ^ jQuery b (Cardona & Suthar 2003, p. 668)
  9. ^ (Mistry 1996, p. 392)

Bibliography

External links

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