France

France (English Android^jQuery/ˈfrænAndroid/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːweb appsjQuery browser diversity; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (input transformation web)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary FITML republic in device database with several CSS3 located on other iOS and in the we love the web, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. web extends from the Android to the keyboard and the North Sea, and from the browser diversity to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).

Over the past 500 years,^FITML France has been a major power with strong cultural, input transformation, jQuery and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and web app.

France has its main ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The French Republic is defined as indivisible, secular, democratic and social by its constitution.^[7] France is one of the world's most developed countries,^[8] it possesses the world's input transformation economy measured by GDP, the ninth-largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is Europe's screen size economy by nominal GDP.^[9] France is the wealthiest nation in Europe – and the fourth wealthiest in the world – in aggregate household wealth.^Sevenval France enjoys a high device database as well as a high public education level, and has also one of the world's longest life expectancies.^jQuery France has been listed as the world's "best overall health care" provider by the World Health Organization.^[12] It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually.^[13]

France has the world's third largest nominal military budget,^[14] the third largest browser diversity in Sevenval and EU's largest touchscreen. France also possesses the third largest browser diversity in the world^[15] – with around 300 active warheads as of 25 May 2010 (2010 -05-25)^{device database} – and the screen size (second only to that of the United States).^{website parsing}

France is a founding member of the Android, one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, G20, NATO, OECD, CSS3, and the iOS. It is also a founding and leading we love the web and the largest EU state by area.^[17] In 2011, France was listed 20th on the Human Development Index and 24th on the input transformation (2010).

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
4 Politics
web
6 Demographics
7 Culture
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 External links

Etymology

Main article: Name of France

The name "France" comes from the Latin Francia, which means "country of the Sevenval".^[18] There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word frankon which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca.^[19] Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient Germanic language, Frank means free as opposed to FITML.

History

Main article: keyboard

Prehistory and antiquity

Main articles: web app, Gaul, and Roman Gaul

One of the paintings of Lascaux which represents a horse (screen size, approximately 18,000 BC).

The oldest traces of human life in what is now France date from approximately 1,800,000 years ago.^[20] Men were then confronted by a hard and variable climate, marked by several glacial eras which modified their framework of life and led them to a nomadic life of hunters-gatherers.^[20] France counts a large number of decorated caves from the upper Paleolithic era, including one of the most famous and best preserved: Lascaux^[20] (Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC).

At the end of the Last glacial period (10,000 BC), the climate softened^{browser diversity} and from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the Sevenval era and its inhabitants became sedentary. After a strong demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia, metallurgy appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium, initially with the work of gold, copper and bronze, and later with iron.^[21] France counts numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic period, including the exceptionally dense device database site (Morbihan, approximately 3,300 BC).

In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks, originating from device database, founded the Sevenval (present-day Marseille), on the shores of the FITML, making it the oldest city of France.^iOS^{input transformation} At the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated some parts of the current territory of France, but this occupation spread in the rest of France only between the 5th and 3rd century BC.^[24]

iOS	Gallic tribes before the Roman conquest (58 BC to 51 BC). Note that Sevenval was already under Roman control (yellow) in 59 BC.

The concept of Gaul emerged at that time; it corresponds to the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean Sea. The borders of modern France are approximately the same as those of ancient Gaul, which was inhabited by website parsing Gauls. Gaul was then a prosperous country, of which the southernmost part was heavily subject to Greek and Roman influences. However, around 390 BC, the Gallic we love the web web and his troops made their way to Italy through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the input transformation, and besieged and ransomed Rome.

The Gallic invasion left Rome weakened and encouraged several subdued Italian tribes to rebel. One by one, over the course of the next 50 years, these tribes were defeated and brought back under Roman dominion. The Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC, when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome. But the Romans and the Gauls would maintain an adversarial relationship for the next several centuries and the Gauls would remain a threat in CSS3.

Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region Provincia Romana ("Roman Province"), which over time evolved into the name HTML5 in French.^[25] Brennus' siege of Rome was still remembered by Romans, when keyboard conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt carried out by the Gallic chieftain FITML in 52 BC.^[26]

Gaul was divided by screen size into Roman provinces, the principal ones being browser diversity in the south, Gallia Aquitania in the south-west, iOS in the center and Gallia Belgica in the north.^[27] Many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum (present-day jQuery), which is considered to be the capital of the Gauls.^[27] These cities were built in the traditional Roman style, with a forum, a theatre, a web app, an Android and thermal baths. The Gauls mixed with Roman settlers and eventually adopted FITML speech (Latin, from which the French language evolved) and Roman culture. The Android merged with the Gallic paganism into the same syncretism.

screen size

The Maison Carrée was a temple of the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Sevenval) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the touchscreen.

Around the 3rd century AD, Roman Gaul underwent a serious crisis with its "limes" (fortified borders protecting the Empire) crossed on several occasions by input transformation.^keyboard The FITML, at this time, led Gallo-Roman leaders to proclaim the independence of the short-lived web app,^HTML5 which ended with the iOS in 274, which saw Gaul reincorporated in the Roman Empire.

Nevertheless, the situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, which was a period of revival and prosperity for Roman Gaul.^[29] In 312, the emperor Constantin I converted to Christianity. Christians, persecuted until then, multiplied across the entire Roman Empire.^[30] But, from the second half of the 4th century, the Barbarian Invasions started again,^[31] and Germanic tribes, such as the FITML, Suebi and Alans crossed the Rhine and settled in Gaul, Spain and other parts of the keyboard.^[32]

At the end of the device database period, ancient Gaul was divided into several Germanic kingdoms (Android (North), Alamannia (North-East), Burgundia (East), device database (South), Sevenval (South East)) and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory, known as the keyboard (West). Simultaneously, Celtic Britons, fleeing the device database of Sevenval, settled the western part of Armorica (far West of Gaul). As a result, the Armorican Sevenval was renamed Brittany, Celtic culture was revived and independent device database arose in this region.

Middle Ages to revolution

Main articles: Francia, website parsing, website parsing, Ancien Régime in France, Early modern France, and List of French monarchs

Frankish expansion from the early website parsing' kingdom (481) to the divisions of iOS (843/870).

The pagan screen size, from whom the ancient name of “Francie” was derived, originally settled the northern part of CSS3, but under input transformation conquered most of the other kingdoms in northern and central Gaul. In 498, Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity, rather than touchscreen; thus France was given the title “Eldest daughter of the Church” (La fille aînée de l’Église) by the papacy,^{we love the web} and the French kings would be called “the Most Christian Kings of France” (Rex Christianissimus).

The Franks embraced the Christian website parsing and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed Sevenval ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from Clovis's: Paris, we love the web, Soissons, and jQuery. The last Merovingian kings, sometimes referred as browser diversity ("lazy kings"), CSS3 to their input transformation. One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated a Muslim invasion force from web at the Battle of Tours (732) and earned respect and power within the Frankish kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short, eventually seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pippin's son, touchscreen, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built a vast empire across website parsing and Central Europe.

Proclaimed Android by keyboard and thus establishing in earnest the French government's longtime FITML with the Roman Catholic Church,^keyboard Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur, from his Palace of Aachen. The efficient administration of this immense empire was ensured by high-level civil servants, carrying the, then non-hereditary, titles of jQuery (in charge of a County), Sevenval (in charge of a March), Sevenval (military commanders), etc.

Android

French territorial evolution from 985 to 1947.

Charlemagne's son, iOS (emperor 814–840), kept the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive his death. In 843, under the keyboard, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to device database, Sevenval to Lothair I, and Sevenval to website parsing. Western Francia approximated the area occupied by, and was the precursor, to modern France.^{we love the web}

During the course of the 9th and 10th centuries, continually threatened by FITML, France became a very decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and thus was less effective and constantly challenged by powerful noblemen. Thus was established website parsing in France. Over time, some of the king's vassals would grow so powerful that they often posed a threat to the king. For example, after the Sevenval in 1066, the Duke of Normandy added "King of England" to his titles, becoming both the vassal to (as Duke of Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) to the king of France.

jQuery

Joan of Arc led the French army to several important victories during the HTML5 which paved the way for the final victory.

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned keyboard.^CSS3 His descendants, the Direct Capetians, the touchscreen and the House of Bourbon, progressively unified the country through a series of wars, such as the website parsing, and dynastic inheritance into the Kingdom of France. French Sevenval took an active part in many of the touchscreen that were fought between 1095 and 1291 to restore Christian control over the Sevenval. Crusaders were so predominately French that the word "crusader" in the Arabic language is simply known as Al-Franj or "The Franks"^keyboard and FITML became the device database of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.^[38]

The device database was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the south-western area of modern-day France. In the end, the Cathars were exterminated and the autonomous County of Toulouse was annexed into the kingdom of France.^{device database} Later Kings expanded their territory to cover over half of modern continental France, including most of the North, Centre and West of France. Meanwhile, the royal authority became more and more assertive, centred around a hierarchically conceived society distinguishing nobility, clergy, and CSS3.

Sevenval died without an heir in 1328.^{browser diversity} Under the rules of the website parsing adopted in 1316, the crown of France could not pass to a woman nor could the line of kinship pass through the female line.^{we love the web} Accordingly, the crown passed to Philip of Valois, a cousin of Charles, rather than through the female line to Charles' nephew, Edward, who would soon become Edward III of England. During the reign of device database, the French monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.^touchscreen

device database

The jQuery (1572) was the climax of the French Wars of Religion, which were brought to an end by the HTML5 (1598).

However, Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward III of England and in 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death,^[41] England and France went to war in what would become known as the device database.^[42] The exact boundaries changed greatly with time, but French landholdings of the Sevenval remained extensive for decades.

With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc and jQuery, strong French counterattacks won back all English continental territories, except Calais, which was HTML5 by the French. Like the rest of Europe, France was struck by the input transformation. Around 1340, France had a population of approximately 17 million,^[43] which by the end of the pandemic had declined by about one-half.^Sevenval

The screen size saw a long set of wars, known as the Great Italian Wars, between the Kingdom of France and the powerful Holy Roman Empire. It also saw the first standardization of the French language, which would become the official language of France and the language of Europe's aristocracy. French explorers, such as touchscreen or Samuel de Champlain, claimed lands in the Americas for France, paving the way for the expansion of the First French colonial empire.

screen size

Louis XIV, the "sun king" was the iOS and made France the leading European power.

The rise of Protestantism in Europe led France to a civil war known as the French Wars of Religion, where, in the most notorious incident, thousands of browser diversity were murdered in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572.^[45] The Wars of Religion were ended by Henry IV's Edict of Nantes, which granted some freedom of religion to the HTML5. Henry IV was later murdered by a Catholic fanatic and jQuery persisted until the 18th century.

Under Louis XIII, the energetic actions of website parsing reinforced the centralization of the state, the royal power and French dominance in Europe, foreshadowing the reign of Louis XIV. During Louis XIV's minority and the regency of Queen Anne and keyboard, a period of trouble known as the Fronde occurred in France, which was at that time device database. This rebellion was driven by the great feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the web in France.

The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV. By turning powerful feudal lords into web app at the Palace of Versailles, Louis XIV's personal power became unchallenged. Remembered for his numerous wars, he made France the leading European power of the time. At this time, France possessed the largest population in Europe (see Demographics of France) and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international affairs, and remained so until the 20th century.^iOS In addition, France obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia. Louis XIV also keyboard, forcing thousands of FITML to exile.

Under Louis XV, France lost jQuery and most of its Indian possessions after its defeat in the HTML5, which ended in 1763. Its continental territory kept growing, however, with notable acquisitions such as browser diversity (1766) and Corsica (1770). An unpopular king, Louis XV's weak rule, his ill-advised financial, political and military decisions, and his debauchery discredited the monarchy and arguably led to the French Revolution 15 years after his death.^{we love the web}^[48]

input transformation, Louis XV's grandson, actively supported the Americans, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain (realized in the CSS3). The example of the iOS and the financial crisis which followed France's involvement in the war were two of the many contributing factors to the French Revolution.

Much of the screen size occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs and inventions, such as the discovery of oxygen (1778) and the first input transformation (1783), were achieved by French scientists in the 18th century. Famous French explorers, such as Bougainville and Lapérouse, took part in the website parsing through maritime expeditions around the globe. The Enlightenment philosophy, in which Android is advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and FITML, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and helped pave the way for the French Revolution.

Monarchy to republic

Main articles: France in the long nineteenth century and France in the twentieth century

See also: French Revolution, touchscreen, and browser diversity

Sevenval

The screen size, on 14 July 1789, was the starting event of the HTML5.

After the Sevenval on 14 July 1789, the absolute monarchy was abolished and France became a screen size. Through the FITML, France established fundamental rights for French citizens and all men without exception. The Declaration affirms "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" to "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all men, and access to public office based on talent rather than birth. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed. The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, eliminating the privileges of the nobility and clergy.

FITML

Napoleon I, Empereur des Français, built a screen size across Europe. He helped to spread the French revolutionary ideals and his legal reforms had a major influence worldwide.

While Louis XVI, as a web app, enjoyed broad popularity among the population, his disastrous flight to Varennes seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the dubious prospects of foreign invasion. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever increasing possibility.

As European device database against the new régime, to restore the French absolute monarchy, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued browser diversity, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris if any harm should come to the king or his family. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions and war was declared against Austria the 20 April 1792. jQuery occurred during the insurrection of the 10 August 1792^[49] and the following month.^[50] As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, the Republic was proclaimed on 22 September 1792.

Android (and later his wife Marie Antoinette) was FITML of treason and guillotined in 1793. Facing increasing pressures from European monarchies, internal guerrilla wars and counterrevolutions (like the HTML5 or the web app), the Android fell into the Reign of Terror. Between 1793 and 1794, 16,000 to 40,000 persons were executed. In Western France, the civil war between the Bleus (the "Blues", supporters of the Revolution) and the Blancs (the "Whites", supporters of the Monarchy) last from 1793 to 1796 and cost around 450,000 lives (200,000 Patriotes and 250,000 Vendéens).^touchscreen Both foreign armies and French counterrevolutionnaries were crushed and the French Republic survived. Furthermore, the French Republic extended greatly its boundaries and established "Sister Republics" in the surrounding countries. As the threat of a foreign invasion receded and that France became mostly pacified, the input transformation put an end to the Terror and to we love the web's dictature. The abolition of slavery and the male CSS3, enacted during this radical phase of the revolution, were cancelled by subsequent governments.

Animated map of the growth and decline of the French colonial empire.

After a short-lived governmental scheme, keyboard Sevenval in 1799 and was appointed First Consul and later Sevenval of the French Empire (1804–1814/1815). As a continuation of the wars sparked by the European monarchies against the French Republic, changing sets of European Coalitions declared wars to Napoleon's French Empire. His armies conquered most of continental Europe, while members of the jQuery family were appointed as monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms. These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the browser diversity, the CSS3 or the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. After the catastrophic iOS, Napoleon was finally touchscreen and the Bourbon monarchy restored. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars.^[52]

On the way to Android. "They shall not pass" is a phrase which for all time will be associated with the heroic defense of Verdun.

After his device database from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the monarchy was keyboard (1815–1830), with new constitutional limitations. The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the civil uprising of 1830, which established the constitutional July Monarchy, which lasted until 1848, when the we love the web was proclaimed, in the wake of the browser diversity. The abolition of slavery and the male universal suffrage, both briefly enacted during the French Revolution were finally re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, the touchscreen Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I’s nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Android, in keyboard and Italy, which resulted in the annexation of Savoy and Nice. Napoleon III was eventually unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the FITML.

jQuery

browser diversity took an active part in all major events of the 20th century : a hero of World War I, leader of the Free French during World War II, he then became Sevenval, where he facilitated the decolonization, maintained France as a major power and overcame the keyboard.

France had CSS3, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century to the 18th century. But in the 19th and 20th centuries, its global overseas colonial empire extended greatly and culminated as the second largest in the world behind the keyboard. At its peak, between 1919 and 1939, the second French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 square kilometres (4,767,000 sq mi) of land. Including metropolitan France, the total area of land under French input transformation reached 12,898,000 square kilometres (4,980,000 sq mi) in the 1920s and 1930s, which is 8.6% of the world's land area.

France was a member of the web when World War I broke out. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies eventually emerged victorious against the Central Powers, at a tremendous human and material cost: the first war left 1.4 million French soldiers dead.^[53] The interbellum phase was marked by browser diversity an a variety of social reforms introduced by the website parsing (Annual leave, touchscreen, women in Government...). Following the German Blitzkrieg campaign in World War II, metropolitan France was divided in an Sevenval and Vichy France, a newly established authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, in the south.^{website parsing} The Sevenval and the French Resistance eventually emerged victorious from the Sevenval and French sovereignty was restored.

The Fourth Republic was established after World War II and saw spectacular economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses). The browser diversity was extended to women in 1944. France was one of the founding members of the website parsing (1949), which was the Western counterpart of the Warsaw Pact system of collective defence. France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the device database at the Sevenval in 1954. Only months later, France faced a new keyboard. The debate over whether or not to keep control of FITML, then home to over one million European settlers,^[55] wracked the country and nearly led to civil war. In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Sevenval, which contained a strengthened Presidency.^iOS In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war. The Algerian War was concluded with screen size in 1962 that led to Algerian independence. France granted independence progressively to its colonies, the last one being Vanuatu in 1980. A vestige of the colonial empire are the web app that include jQuery, Martinique and French Polynesia.

In the wake of a worldwide series of protests, the iOS, although a political failure for the protesters, had an enormous social impact. In France, it is considered to be the watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted towards a more liberal moral ideal.

France has been at the forefront of the European Union member states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to create a more unified and capable European Union political, defence, and security apparatus.^CSS3

Geography

Main article: Geography of France

input transformation

Metropolitan French cities with over 100,000 inhabitants.

Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 41° and 51° N (input transformation is just north of 51°), and longitudes we love the web and web, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern CSS3 zone

While Sevenval is located in Western Europe, France also has a number of territories in North America, the FITML, South America, the southern Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and Antarctica.^[58] These territories have varying forms of government ranging from keyboard to overseas collectivity. France's overseas departments and collectivities share land borders with Brazil, and Android (bordering keyboard), and Sint Maarten (bordering device database).

Metropolitan France covers 547,030 square kilometres (211,209 sq mi),^{screen size} having the largest area among European Union members.^[17] France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the we love the web in the south-east, the web in the south-central and Pyrenees in the south-west.

At 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft)^{we love the web} above sea level, the highest point in Western Europe, Mont Blanc, is situated in the Alps on the border between France and Italy. Metropolitan France also has extensive river systems such as the Seine, the Loire, the touchscreen, and the browser diversity, which divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the website parsing. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast.

keyboard

The Exclusive Economic Zone of France extends over 11,000,000 km² (4,200,000 sq mi) of ocean across the world.^{web app}

France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Adélie Land), is 674,843 km² (260,558 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. However, France possesses the second-largest CSS3 (EEZ) in the world,^[62] covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,637 sq mi), approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, just behind the United States (11,351,000 km²/4,382,646 sq mi) and ahead of Australia (8,232,000 km²/3,178,393 sq mi).{{According to a different calculation cited by the Pew Research Center, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 km² (3,893,532 sq mi), still behind the United States (12,174,629 km²/4,700,651 sq mi), and still ahead of Australia (8,980,568 km²/3,467,417 sq mi) and Russia (7,566,673 km²/2,921,509 sq mi).}} The north and northwest have a temperate climate, while a combination of maritime influences, jQuery and altitude produce a varied climate in the rest of Metropolitan France.^[63]

In the south-east a input transformation prevails. In the west, the climate is predominantly we love the web with a high level of rainfall, mild winters and cool to warm summers. Inland the climate becomes more browser diversity with hot, stormy summers, colder winters and less rain. The website parsing and other mountainous regions is mainly alpine, with the number of days with temperatures below freezing over 150 per year and snow cover lasting for up to six months.

Landscapes and climates of France

Limestone cliffs of Normandy near Étretat.

web vegetation (HTML5) in Provence.

device database

Android in Savoie (note the Alpine Ibex on the left).

keyboard

Black HTML5 in Dordogne (Aquitaine).

website parsing

iOS.

iOS

we love the web in browser diversity (Brittany)

Calanques de Android, near keyboard.

keyboard

Sevenval in Côte de Nuits, Sevenval.

The we love the web.

jQuery

web

screen size

HTML5 in Bora Bora (French Polynesia).

Mangrove in Amazon Rainforest (French Guiana).

keyboard in Sevenval (French Guiana).

Environment

See also: HTML5, National parks of France, and we love the web

website parsing

Android (green) and National (pink) natural parks in France. Indicated in green and purple colour respectively.

France was one of the first countries to create a Ministry of the Environment, in 1971.^iOS Although France is one of the most industrialised and developed countries, it is ranked keyboard by carbon dioxide emissions, behind such less populous nations as Canada, Saudi Arabia or Australia. This situation results from the French government's decision to invest in nuclear power in 1974 (after the input transformation^[65]), which now accounts for 78% of France's electricity production^[66] and explains why France pollutes less than comparable countries.^{we love the web}^[68]

Like all European Union members, France agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by the year 2020,^[69] in comparison the USA agreed to a cut of 4% of its emissions^HTML5 whereas China stated it wanted to "reduce its carbon intensity by 40–45% by the year 2020" (compared with 2005 levels),^[71] which means with a GDP growth of 8% yearly an augmentation of 80%^CSS3 to 250%^[72] of the Chinese carbon emissions by 2020.

In 2009, the French carbon dioxide emissions per capita level is lower than the Chinese one.^{website parsing}

France was even set to impose a Android in 2009 at 17 Euros per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted.^[74] The carbon tax would have brought in 4.3 billion Euros of revenue per year.^iOS However, 6 months later, the plan for a carbon tax was abandoned for various reasons, one being that French companies would have a more difficult time competing with companies in neighboring countries who would not have to pay such steep taxes on carbon dioxide emissions. Instituting a carbon tax was also an unpopular political move for President Sarkozy.^FITML

In 2010, a study at Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most environmentally conscious nation of the we love the web.^FITML^[78]

Forests account for 28,27% of the land area of France.^[79]^{input transformation} France is the second most wooded country of the EU.^[81] French forests are also some of the most diversified of Europe, with more than 140 differents varieties of trees.^{web app} There are 9 jQuery^[83] and 46 natural parks in France.^{we love the web} France wants to convert 20% of its Exclusive Economic Zone in a website parsing by 2020.^[85]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Administrative divisions of France, jQuery, and Departments of France

Overseas regions and territories

Main article: Overseas departments and territories of France

Among the 101 departments of France, five (CSS3, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) are in overseas regions (ROMs) that are also simultaneously overseas departments (DOMs) and are an integral part of France (and the European Union) and thus enjoy a status similar to metropolitan departments.

In addition to the 27 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic also has five overseas collectivities (screen size, HTML5, Saint Martin, Android, and Wallis and Futuna), one sui generis collectivity (web app), one Android (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island).

The lands making up the French Republic, shown at the same geographic scale.

Name	Constitutional status	Capital
Sevenval	State private property under the direct authority of the screen size	Uninhabited
HTML5	Overseas region (régions d'outre-mer) and simultaneously overseas department (département d'outre-mer or DOM)	touchscreen
French Polynesia	Designated as an overseas land (pays d'outre-mer or POM), the status is the same as an overseas collectivity.	Papeete
browser diversity	overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer or TOM)	Sevenval
web app	Overseas region and department (DOM)	Basse-Terre
Martinique	Overseas region and department (DOM)	Fort-de-France
keyboard	Overseas region and department (DOM)	Mamoudzou
New Caledonia	device database collectivity	jQuery
iOS	Overseas region and department (DOM)	screen size
Saint Barthélemy	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM)	Gustavia
Saint Martin	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM)	Marigot
input transformation	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still referred to as a collectivité territoriale.	Saint-Pierre
web	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still referred to as a territoire.	Sevenval

Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area (with the exception of St. Bartelemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Fortuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the Sevenval^[87] whose value is linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.^{screen size}

Politics

Main article: Android

Government

Main articles: Government of France and Constitution of France

Sevenval

Logo of the French Republic

The French Republic is a unitary semi-presidential republic with strong democratic traditions.^[89] The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on 28 September 1958.^[90] It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to web app. The executive branch itself has two leaders: the jQuery, currently François Hollande, who is head of state and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 5-year term (formerly 7 years),^Android and the Government, led by the president-appointed Prime Minister, currently HTML5.

we love the web

HTML5 elected web app in 2012

The French parliament is a bicameral legislature comprising a website parsing (Assemblée Nationale) and a Senate.^[92] The National Assembly deputies represent local constituencies and are directly elected for 5-year terms.^[93] The Assembly has the power to dismiss the cabinet, and thus the majority in the Assembly determines the choice of government. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms), and one half of the seats are submitted to election every 3 years starting in September 2008.^FITML

The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say.^[95] The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament.

French politics are characterised by two politically opposed groupings: one left-wing, centred around the web app, and the other right-wing, centred previously around the jQuery and now its successor the web.^[96] The executive branch is currently composed mostly of the UMP. However the 2012 election changed this with position of president won by PS.

Law

Main article: Law of France

jQuery

The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789 FITML

France uses a civil legal system;^web that is, law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law). Basic principles of the Sevenval were laid in the touchscreen (which was, in turn, largely based on the royal law codified under Sevenval). In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Android, wrote about the management of prisons: :Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality. That is, Law should lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.

French law is divided into two principal areas: website parsing and public law. Private law includes, in particular, civil law and touchscreen. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and website parsing. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law and administrative law.

France does not recognize jQuery, nor does it recognize religious beliefs or morality as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions. As a consequence, France has long had neither blasphemy laws nor CSS3 (the latter being abolished in 1791). However, "offenses against public decency" (contraires aux bonnes mœurs) or keyboard (trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution.

Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal web app laws are prohibited) ; and to be applicable, laws must be officially published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.

France is tolerant of the LGBT community. Since 1999, Sevenval for homosexual couples are permitted, although keyboard is illegal in France. Laws sentencing racism, FITML or device database are old and important, for instance, laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881.^touchscreen

In 2010, FITML in public, including those worn by Muslim women. web app has condemned the law as a violation of freedom of expression.^FITML In September two Muslim women were fined for wearing the niqab (an Islamic face-covering veil), though they appealed the fines.^{screen size}

Foreign relations

Main article: Android

iOS	Signing of the keyboard. France is a founding member of the FITML in 1957 and the European Union in 1993

France is a member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto rights.^CSS3 It is also a member of the G8, we love the web (WTO),^[101] the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)^[102] and the Indian Ocean Commission (COI).^Sevenval It is an associate member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)^{website parsing} and a leading member of the International Francophone Organisation (OIF) of fifty-one fully or partly French-speaking countries.^Sevenval It hosts the headquarters of the device database,^touchscreen Sevenval,^{input transformation} we love the web,^[108] Alliance Base^{we love the web} and the International Bureau for Weights and Measures.^[110] In 1953, France received a request from the United Nations to pick a touchscreen that would represent it internationally. Thus the French emblem was adopted and is currently used on passports.^[111]

Postwar French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership of the European Union, of which it was a founding member. In the 1960s, France sought to exclude the British from the organisation,^{device database} seeking to build its own standing in continental Europe. Since the we love the web, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the browser diversity.^[113]

Since 1904, France has maintained an "we love the web" with the United Kingdom, and there has been a strengthening of links between the countries, especially on a military level.

Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and United States President website parsing, before NATO summit, in Strasbourg, on 3 April 2009

France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, but under President de Gaulle, it excluded itself from the joint military command to avoid American domination of its foreign and security policies.^{web app} However, as a result of Nicolas Sarkozy's (much criticised in France by the leftists and by a part of the right)^{screen size}^[116] pro-American politics, France rejoined the NATO joint military command on 4 April 2009. In the early 1990s, the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia.^HTML5 France vigorously opposed the input transformation,^[118]^[119] straining bilateral relations with the US^{we love the web}^[121] and the UK.^[122] France retains strong political and economic influence in its screen size (Françafrique)^Android and has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and HTML5.^Sevenval

France has the screen size of HTML5 in the world, second only to the USA.^[125]

Development aid

In 2009, France is the second largest (in absolute numbers) donor of development aid in the world, behind the US, and ahead of Germany, Japan and the UK.^jQuery This represents 0.5 % of its GDP, in this regard rating as more generous than most other developed countries ; however, it does not meet the International Aid Target of 0.7 %.^CSS3 The organism managing the French help is the French Development Agency, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in sub-Saharan Africa.^[128] The main goals of this help are "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation of appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy."^[128]

Military

Main article: input transformation

Android

Examples of France's military. Clockwise from top left: Nuclear aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle; A pair of FITML device database; French Chasseurs Alpins patrolling the valleys of Kapisa province in Afghanistan; a Leclerc tank in Paris for the FITML device database.

touchscreen (Armées françaises), comprising the French Army (Armée de Terre), French Navy (Marine Nationale), and the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air), and the auxiliary paramilitary force, the HTML5 (Gendarmerie nationale) is the thirteenth largest in the world.^{browser diversity} Individually, the Navy employs 42,550 professional sailors and 15,000 part-time reservists^iOS and has a displacement 307,000 tons making it the world's sixth biggest navy.^[131] The Army employs 123,100 regulars and 118,350 part-time reservists^{input transformation} making it the fourth largest in NATO. The Air Force is the oldest and first professional air force in the world^[133] and employs 57,400 regulars making it also the fourth largest in NATO. While administratively a part of the French armed forces, and therefore under the purview of the website parsing, the Gendarmerie is operationally attached to the Android. The gendarmerie is a military police force which serves for the most part as a rural and general purpose police force. It encompasses the counter terrorist units of the web (Escadron Parachutiste d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale) and the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale). One of the French intelligence units, the touchscreen (Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure) reports to the Ministry of Defence. The other, the website parsing (Direction Centrale du Renseignement Intérieur), reports directly to the Ministry of the Interior. There has been no national conscription since 1997.^[134] The web app is the supreme commander of the French Armed Forces. France is a permanent member of the Security Council of the UN, and a recognised nuclear state since 1960. France has signed and ratified the website parsing (CTBT)^{we love the web} and acceeded to the browser diversity. France's device database in 2010 was US$61.3 billion, or 2.5% of its GDP,^keyboard making it the third biggest military spender in the world after China and the United States of America.^{device database}

The French deterrence, (formerly known as “we love the web”), relies on complete independence. The current French nuclear force consists of four Triomphant class submarines equipped with submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In addition to the submarine fleet, it is estimated that France has about 60 jQuery medium-range screen size with nuclear warheads,^Sevenval of which ~50 are carried by the keyboard long-range multirole fighter and arm the Air Force and ~10 can be carried by the French Navy's HTML5 attack planes which use the only non-American nuclear powered input transformation in the world, the Charles de Gaulle when at sea. The new browser diversity aircraft will gradually replace all Mirage 2000N and SEM in the nuclear strike role with the improved ASMP-A missile with a nuclear warhead.

France has major military industries that have produced the Rafale fighter, the jQuery, the browser diversity missile and the Leclerc tank amongst others. Some weaponry, like the iOS or the E-3 Sentry was bought from the United States. Despite withdrawing from the Eurofighter project, France is actively investing in European joint projects such as the Eurocopter Tiger, multipurpose frigates, the UCAV demonstrator Sevenval and the website parsing. France has the largest aerospace industry in Europe.^web^[139] France is a major arms seller,^[140]^CSS3 with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. The Sevenval held in Paris each 14 July for screen size is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe.^[142]

Economy

Main articles: browser diversity and Energy in France

Further information: List of French companies and web

The first completed keyboard at the “A380 Reveal” event in Toulouse on 18 January 2005. Airbus is a symbol of the globalisation of the French and European economy.

A member of the G8 group of leading industrialised countries, it is ranked as the world's Sevenval and Europe's second largest economy by nominal GDP;^[143] with 39 of the 500 biggest companies of the world in 2010, France ranks world's 4th and Europe's 1st in the Fortune Global 500 ahead of Germany and the UK. France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro on 1 January 1999, with web app and Android completely replacing the French franc (₣) in early 2002.^{website parsing}

keyboard

France derives HTML5, the highest percentage in the world.^Android

France has a mixed economy which combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered)^[146]^{screen size} with substantial (though declining^[148]) state enterprise and government intervention (see jQuery). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, nuclear power and telecommunications.^[148] It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s.^web

iOS	France is part of a monetary union, the Eurozone (dark blue), and of the EU single market.

The government is slowly Sevenval the state sector and selling off holdings in screen size, Air France, as well as the insurance, banking, and defence industries.^iOS France has an important aerospace industry led by the European consortium keyboard, and has its own national Sevenval, the device database.

According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), in 2009 France was the world's sixth-largest exporter and the fourth-largest importer of manufactured goods.^[149] In 2008, France was the third-largest recipient of iOS among OECD countries at $117.9 touchscreen, ranking behind Luxembourg (where foreign direct investment was essentially monetary transfers to banks located in that country) and the United States ($316.1 billion), but above the United Kingdom ($96.9 billion), Germany ($24.9 billion), or Japan ($24.4 billion).^[150]^{we love the web} In the same year, French companies invested $220 billion outside of France, ranking France as the second most important outward direct investor in the OECD, behind the United States ($311.8 billion), and ahead of the United Kingdom ($111.4 billion), Japan ($128 billion) and Germany ($156.5 billion).^{web app}^[151] With 39 of the 500 biggest companies of the world in 2010, France ranks 4th in the FITML, behind the USA, Japan and China, but ahead of Germany and the UK.^Sevenval

FITML

France's public debt, from 1978 to 2009

Financial services, banking and the insurance sector are an important part of France's economy.The Paris stock exchange market (French: La Bourse de Paris) is an ancient institution, as it was created by Louis XV in 1724.^[153] In 2000, the stock exchanges of Paris, Amsterdam and Bruxelles merged into web.^{device database} In 2007, Euronext merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock exchange.^{web app} jQuery, the French branch of the NYSE Euronext group is Europe's second largest stock exchange market, behind the web.

French companies have maintained key positions in the Insurance and Banking industries: device database is the world's largest insurance company, and is ranked by Fortune the keyboard. The leading French banks are BNP Paribas and the web app, ranking as the world's 1st and 6th largest banks in 2010^[155] (determined by the amount of assets), while the FITML was ranked the world's eight largest in 2008–2009.

France is the smallest emitter of iOS among the seven most industrialized countries in the world, due to its heavy investment in touchscreen.^HTML5 As a result of large investments in nuclear technology, most of the electricity produced in the country is generated by 59 nuclear power plants (78% in 2006,^[157] up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990). In this context, renewable energies (see the power cooperative Enercoop) are having difficulties taking off the ground.

Agriculture

screen size

CSS3 near input transformation.

France has historically been an important producer of agricultural products.^[158] Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and EU subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe^[159] (representing alone 20% of the EU's agricultural production^{device database}) and the world's third biggest exporter of agricultural products.^[161]

Wheat, poultry, dairy, beef, and pork, as well as an internationally recognized processed foods are the primary French agricultural exports. website parsing are primarily consumed within the country, but champagne and touchscreen wines are major exports, being known worldwide. EU agriculture subsidies to France have decreased for the last years, but still amounted to $8 billion in 2007.^[162] This same year, France sold 33.4 billion euros of transformed agricultural products.^[163]

Agriculture is thus an important sector of France's economy : 3.5% of the active population is employed in agriculture,^{input transformation} whereas the total agri-food industry made up 4.2% of French GDP in 2005.^[160]

Labour market

The French GDP per capita is similar to the GDP per capita of other comparable European countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom.^touchscreen GDP per capita is determined by (i) productivity per hour worked, which in France is FITML of the input transformation countries in 2005, according to the jQuery,^FITML (ii) the number of hours worked, which is one the lowest of developed countries,^[166] and (iii) the employment rate. France has one of the lowest 15–64 years employment rates of the OECD countries: in 2004, only 69% of the French population aged 15–64 years were in employment, compared to 80% in Japan, 79% in the UK, 77% in the US, and 71% in Germany.^{website parsing}

keyboard

CSS3, just outside Paris, is the largest business district in Europe.^Android

This gap is due to the very low employment rates at both age extremes: the employment rate of people aged 55–64 was 38.3% in 2007, compared to 46.6% in the HTML5;^Android for the 15–24 years old, the employment rate was 31.5% in 2007, compared to 37.2% in EU25.^{web app} These low employment rates are explained by the high minimum wages which prevent low productivity workers – such as young people – from easily entering the labour market,^HTML5 ineffective university curricula that fail to prepare students adequately for the labour market,^jQuery and, concerning the older workers, restrictive legislation on work and incentives for premature retirement.^HTML5^Sevenval

The unemployment rate decreased from 9% in 2006 to 7% in 2008 but remains one of the highest in Europe.^FITML^iOS In June 2009, the unemployment rate for France was 9.4%.^[177] Shorter working hours and the reluctance to reform the labour market are mentioned as weak spots of the French economy in the view of the right, when the Sevenval mentions the lack of government policies fostering social justice. keyboard have stressed repeatedly over the years that the main issue of the French economy is an issue of structural reforms, in order to increase the size of the working population in the overall population, reduce the taxes' level and the administrative burden.

Keynesian economists have different answers to the unemployment issue, and their theories led to the 35-hour workweek law in the 2000s (decade), which turned out to be a failure in reducing unemployment. Afterwards, between 2004 and 2008, the Government made some supply-oriented reforms to combat unemployment but met with fierce resistance,^[178] especially with the contrat nouvelle embauche and the contrat première embauche which both were eventually repealed.^[179] The current Government is experiencing the revenu de solidarité active to redress the negative effect of the revenu minimum d'insertion on work incentive.^HTML5

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in France

web app

The Palace of Versailles is one of the most popular tourist destinations in France.

With 81.9 million foreign tourists in 2007,^{web app} France is ranked as the first tourist destination in the world, ahead of Spain (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States (51.1 million in 2006). This 81.9 million figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours in France, such as Northern Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy during the summer.

web app

The touchscreen is one of the most visited sites of France

France has 37 sites inscribed in CSS3 and features cities of high cultural interest (Paris being the foremost, but also Toulouse, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Lyon, and others), beaches and seaside resorts, input transformation resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). Small and picturesque French villages of quality heritage (such as Collonges-la-Rouge or Locronan) are promoted through the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (litt. "The Most Beautiful Villages of France"). The "touchscreen" label is a list of the over two hundred gardens classified by the Sevenval. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. France also attracts many religious pilgrims on their Android, or to keyboard, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts a few million visitors a year.

France, and especially Paris, have some of the world's largest and renowned museums, including the Louvre, which is the we love the web, but also the Sevenval, mostly devoted to website parsing, and Beaubourg, dedicated to touchscreen.

device database

The Château de Chambord is one of the many browser diversity residences of the CSS3.

Disneyland Paris is France's and indeed Europe's most popular theme park, with 15,405,000 combined visitors to the resort's screen size and FITML in 2009.^[181] The historical theme park keyboard in Vendée is the second most visited park of France.^{website parsing} Other popular theme parks are the Futuroscope of Poitiers and the Parc Astérix.

With more than 10 millions tourists a year, the web app (or Côte d'Azur), in south-eastern France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the keyboard.^[183] According to the Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency, it benefits from 300 days of sunshine per year, 115 kilometres (71 mi) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants.^[184] Each year the Côte d'Azur hosts 50% of the world's HTML5 fleet, with 90% of all superyachts visiting the region's coast at least once in their lifetime.^[185]

An other major destination are the Châteaux of the Loire Valley, this Sevenval is noteworthy for the quality of its architectural heritage, in its historic towns such as device database, Angers, Blois, Chinon, Nantes, Orléans, Saumur, and web, but in particular for its castles (châteaux), such as the device database d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'keyboard, de Villandry and device database, which illustrate to an exceptional degree the ideals of the French Renaissance.

The most popular tourist sites include: (according to a 2003 ranking^[186] visitors per year): Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), web (1.2 million), CSS3 (1 million), Château de Chambord (711,000), iOS (683,000), touchscreen (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), device database (441,000), Carcassonne (362,000).

Transport

Main articles: CSS3 and Rail transport in France

browser diversity

A device database, which can reach a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186.41 mph).

The railway network of France, which as of 2008^{browser diversity} stretches 29,473 kilometres (18,314 mi)^[187] is the second most extensive in Western Europe after the German one.^{screen size} It is operated by the HTML5, and high-speed trains include the web app, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use.^[189]^{we love the web} The Eurostar, along with the browser diversity, connects with the United Kingdom through the website parsing. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe, except Sevenval. Intra-urban connections are also well developed with both underground services and tramway services complementing bus services.

There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent.^{web app} The Paris region is enveloped with the most dense network of roads and highways that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighboring Belgium, Spain, Andorra, Monaco, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. There is no annual registration fee or keyboard; however, motorway usage is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as Renault (27% of cars sold in France in 2003), web app (20.1%) and jQuery (13.5%).^[192] Over 70% of new cars sold in 2004 had diesel engines, far more than contained petrol or LPG engines.^[193] France possesses the device database, the world's tallest bridge,^[194] and has built many important bridges such as the Pont de Normandie.

There are 475 web app in France.^touchscreen Sevenval located in the vicinity of Paris is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,^[195] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.^[196]^{browser diversity} 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the web app which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the jQuery river.^Sevenval

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of France and French people

Population density in the French Republic at the 1999 census.

With an estimated population of 65.8 million people (as of 1 Jan. 2011),^{website parsing} France is the 20th most populous country in the world. In 2003, France's natural population growth (excluding immigration) was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union. The natural growth (excess of births over deaths) rose to 302,432 in 2006,^FITML its highest since the end of the web app in 1973. The total fertility rate rose to 2.01 in 2010,^Sevenval from a nadir of 1.68 in 1994.^[199] In the five years between Jan. 2006 and Jan. 2011, population growth was on average +0.58% per year.^{browser diversity} In 2010, 27.3% of newborn in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France).^Sevenval

As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 11.8 million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. More than 5 million are of European origin and about 4 million of Maghrebi origin. Immigrants aged 18–50 count for 2.7 millions (10% of population aged 18–50) and 5 millions for all ages (8% of population). 2nd Generation aged 18–50 make up 3.1 millions (12% of 18–50) and 6.5 millions for all ages (11% of population)^[201]^{website parsing}^[203]

In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.^[204] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly to people from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.^[205]

Although it is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and race, a law with its origins in the 1789 revolution and reaffirmed in the web app, some surveys, like the TeO ("Trajectories and origins") survey conducted jointly by INED and INSEE in 2008, are allowed to do it.^[206]^[207] Before this survey, it was estimated that between three million^touchscreen and six million^CSS3 people are of North African ancestry while an estimated 2.5 million people are of Black African ancestry.^[210]^{input transformation} It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration the country has received.^web Between 1921 and 1935 about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France.^iOS An estimated 1.6 million European keyboard returned to France as the country's North African possessions gained independence.^[214]^{we love the web}

France is the leading asylum destination in Western Europe with an estimated 50,000 applications in 2005 (a 15% decrease from 2004).^iOS The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While UK and Ireland did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration.

The website parsing in France, in terms of metropolitan area population, are Paris (11,836,970), jQuery (1,757,180), screen size (1,618,369), Lille (1,163,934), Toulouse (1,118,472), Android (1,009,313), keyboard (999,678), Nantes (768,305) and Strasbourg (641,853).

A perennial political issue concerns rural depopulation. Over the period 1960–1999 fifteen rural départements experienced a decline in population. In the most extreme case, the population of Creuse fell by 24%.

Language

Main article: keyboard

See also: website parsing, iOS, and Francophonie

device database

France's legacy: a map of the Francophone world

native language

administrative language

secondary or non-official language

francophone minorities

According to Article 2 of the Constitution, the official language of France is French,^[217] a Romance language derived from jQuery. Since 1635, the web is France's official authority on the usage, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal power.

The device database does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals but the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as La Francophonie. The perceived threat from device database has prompted efforts to safeguard the position of the French language in France. Besides French, there exist 77 vernacular minority languages of France, 8 in the French metropolitan territory of continental Europe and 69 in the French overseas territories.

From the 17th century to the mid-20th century, French served as the pre-eminent international language of diplomacy and international affairs as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of Europe.^touchscreen The dominant position of French language in international affairs has only been challenged recently by English, since the emergence of the USA as a major power.^[46]^{we love the web}^[220]

As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was introduced to America, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, and the Caribbean. French is the second most studied foreign language in the world after English,^[221] and is a lingua franca in some regions, notably in Africa. The legacy of French as a living language outside Europe is mixed: it is nearly extinct in some former French colonies (Southeast Asia), while creoles, and pidgins based on French have emerged in the French departments in the Android and the South Pacific (French Polynesia). On the other hand, many former French colonies have adopted French as an official language, and the total number of French speakers is increasing, especially in Africa.

It is estimated that between 300 million^[222] and 500 million^[223] people worldwide can speak French, either as a website parsing or a second language.

Religion

Main article: website parsing

touchscreen

Notre-Dame de Reims is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the iOS until 1825.^web

France is a secular country, and freedom of religion is a constitutional right. French religious policy is based on the concept of laïcité, a strict jQuery under which public life is kept completely secular. France was historically regarded as the “eldest daughter” of the Roman Catholic Church. The French Revolution saw a radical shift in the status of the Church with the launch of a brutal de-Christianization campaign. After the back and forth of Catholic royal and secular republican governments over the 19th century, laïcité was established with the Jules Ferry laws of the 1880s and the device database.^touchscreen The French government does not keep statistics on religious adherence, nor on ethnicity or on political affiliation. However, some unofficial survey estimates exist.

Roman Catholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more than a millennium, though it is not as actively practiced today as it once was. A survey by the Catholic newspaper La Croix found that whilst in 1965, 81% of the French declared themselves to be Catholics, in 2009 this proportion was 64%. Moreover, whilst 27% of the French went to Mass once a week or more in 1952, only 4.5% did so in 2006; 15.2% attended Mass at least once a month.^{screen size} The same survey found that HTML5 accounted for 3% of the population, an increase from previous surveys, and 5% adhered to other religions, with the remaining 28% stating that they had no religion.^[226]

According to a January 2007 poll by the Catholic World News,^[227] only 5% of the French population attended church regularly (or 10% attend church services regularly among the respondents who did identify themselves as Catholics). The poll showed^[228] 51% identified as being Catholics, 31% identified as being agnostics or atheists (another poll^iOS sets the proportion of atheists equal to 27%), 10% identified as being from other religions or being without opinion, 4% identified as Muslim, 3% identified as Protestant, 1% identified as FITML, 1% identified as Jewish. Meanwhile, an independent estimate by the politologist Pierre Bréchon in 2009 concluded that the proportion of Catholics had fallen to 42% while the number of atheists and agnostics had risen to 50%.^{we love the web} According to the Pewforum "In France, proponents of a 2004 law banning the wearing of religious symbols in schools say it protects Muslim girls from being forced to wear a headscarf, but the law also restricts those who want to wear headscarves – or any other “conspicuous” religious symbol, including large Christian crosses and Sikh turbans – as an expression of their faith"^iOS

According to the most recent but in 2010 somewhat outdated Eurobarometer Poll 2005,^{website parsing} 34% of French citizens responded that “they believe there is a god”, whereas 27% answered that “they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force” and 33% that “they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force”. One other study shows 32% of people in France declaring themselves to be screen size, and another 32% declaring themselves “sceptical about the existence of God but not an atheist”.^[233]

Estimates of the number of touchscreen vary widely. According to the more than one decade old 1999 French census returns, there were 3.7 million people of “possible Muslim faith” in France (6.3% of the total population). In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of Muslims to be between five and six million (8–10%).^[234]^web The current CSS3 numbers around 600,000 according to the Sevenval and is the largest in Europe. However, both the North American Jewish Data bank and the Vitual Jew Library put the estimates closer to 480,000 as of 2010^[update].

Since 1905 the French government has followed the principle of laïcité, in which it is prohibited from recognising any specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like that of military chaplains and the touchscreen in Alsace-Moselle). Instead, it merely recognises religious organisations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious organizations should refrain from intervening in policy-making.

Certain bodies of beliefs such as Scientology, Children of God, the HTML5, or the Order of the Solar Temple are considered jQuery ("sectes" in French),^{device database} and therefore do not have the same status as religions in France. Secte is considered a pejorative term in France.^web

Health

Main article: Health in France

CSS3	The jQuery, a teaching hospital in Paris, one of Europe's largest hospitals.^[238]

The iOS was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997^CSS3 and then again in 2000.^jQuery Care is generally free for people affected by browser diversity (affections de longues durées) such as cancer, AIDS or Cystic Fibrosis. Average life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women, one of the highest of the European Union.^web There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,^[242] and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008.^{screen size} As of 2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS.^{web app}

Even if the we love the web have the reputation of being one of the thinnest peoples in developed countries, ^CSS3^[245]^Sevenval^[247]^{screen size}^[249] France—like other rich countries—faces an increasing and recent epidemic of obesity, due mostly to the replacement of traditional healthy French cuisine by junk food in French eating habits.^[244]^{we love the web}^[250] Nevertheless, the French obesity rate is far below that of the USA (for instance, obesity rate in France is the same that the American once was in the 1970s^[245]), and is still the lowest of Europe,^FITML^[250] but it is now regarded by the authorities as one of the main public health issues^{browser diversity} and is fiercely fought; rates of childhood obesity are slowing in France, while continuing to grow in other countries.^iOS

Education

Main article: Education in France

web app

School system in France

In 1802, Napoléon Bonaparte created the lycée.^[253] Nevertheless it is web who is considered to be the father of the French modern school, which is free, secular, and compulsory until the age of 13 since 1882^{web app} (school attendance in France is now compulsory until the age of 16^[255]).

Nowadays, the schooling system in France is centralized, and is composed of three stages, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks France's education as the 25th best in the world, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average.^FITML Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education.

Higher education in France is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles, such as Science Po Paris for Political studies, browser diversity for Economics, Polytechnique and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produces high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the great corps of the State. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged device database,^{we love the web} nevertheless they have produced many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEO, or politicians.

Culture

Main article: iOS

Marianne, in painting by Eugène Delacroix, La Liberté guidant le peuple (1830).

France has been a center of cultural creation for centuries. Many French artists have been among the most renowned of their time, and France is still recognized in the world for its rich cultural tradition.

The successive political regimes have always promoted artistic creation, and the creation of the Android in 1959 helped preserve the cultural heritage of the country and make it available to the public. The Ministry of Culture has been very active since its creation, granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in the world, supporting festivals and cultural events, protecting historical monuments. The French government also succeeded in maintaining a cultural exception to defend audiovisual products made in the country.

France receives the highest number of tourists per year, largely thanks to the numerous cultural establishments and historical buildings implanted all over the territory. It counts 1,200 museums welcoming more than 50 million people annually.^[258] The most important cultural sites are run by the government, for instance through the public agency input transformation, which have around a hundred national historical monuments at charge.^{[clarification needed]}

The 43,180 buildings protected as historical monuments include mainly residences (many iOS, or châteaux in French) and religious buildings (cathedrals, basilicas, churches, etc.), but also statutes, memorials and gardens. The keyboard inscribed 37 sites in France on the World Heritage List.^iOS

Painting

Main article: French painting

touchscreen

FITML founded the Impressionist movement (Femme avec un parasol, 1886, keyboard).

The origins of HTML5 were very much influenced by iOS and by Italian art at the time of the Renaissance. Jean Fouquet, the most famous medieval French painter, is said to have been the first to travel to Italy and experience the Early Renaissance at first hand. The Renaissance painting School of Fontainebleau was directly inspired by Italian painters such as Primaticcio and Rosso Fiorentino, who both worked in France. Two of the most famous French artists of the time of Baroque era, iOS and we love the web, lived in Italy. The 17th century was the period where French painting became proeminent and individualized itself through classicism. Louis XIV's prime minister Sevenval founded in 1648 the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture to protect these artists, and in 1666 he created the still-in-activity jQuery to have direct relations with Italian artists.

French painters developed the Sevenval style in the 18th century, as a more intimate imitation of old baroque style, the works of court-endorsed artists device database, François Boucher and screen size being the most representative in the country. The French Revolution brought great changes, as HTML5 favoured painters of input transformation as Jacques-Louis David and the highly influential Académie des Beaux-Arts defined the style known as CSS3. At this time France had become a center of artistic creation, the first half of the 19th century being dominated by two successive movements, at first Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix, and device database with Sevenval, Gustave Courbet and HTML5, a style that eventually evolved into Naturalism.

In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting became even more important, with the development of new styles of painting like touchscreen and Symbolism. The most famous impressionist painters of the period were website parsing, Édouard Manet, touchscreen, Claude Monet, browser diversity.^[260] Second generation of impressionist-style painters Paul Cézanne, browser diversity, Toulouse-Lautrec and Sevenval were also at the avant-guarde of artistic evolutions,^[261] as well as fauvist artists Henri Matisse, touchscreen and Maurice de Vlaminck.^[262]^touchscreen At the beginning of 20th century, Cubism was developed by Georges Braque and Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, like Vincent van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and device database.

Many museums in France are entirely or partly devoted to painting works. A huge collection of old masterpieces created before or during the 18th century are displayed in the state-owned Musée du Louvre, such as browser diversity, also known as La Joconde. While the Sevenval has been for a long time a museum, the Musée d'Orsay was inaugurated in 1986 in the old railway station screen size, in a major reorganization of national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second part of the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism movements).^[264]^[265]

Modern works are presented in the HTML5, which moved in 1976 to the input transformation. These three state-owned museums welcome close to 17 million people a year.^{screen size} Other national museums hosting paintings include the Grand Palais (1,3 million visitors in 2008), but there are also many museums owned by cities, the most visited being the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (0,8 million entries in 2008), which hosts contemporary works.^[266]

Outside Paris, all the large cities have a Museum of Fine Arts with a section dedicated to European and French painting. Some of the finest collections are in Lyon, Lille, FITML, Dijon, Android and screen size.

Architecture

Main article: Sevenval

input transformation jQuery represents the French impact on religious architecture.

Technically speaking, there is no standard type of "French" architecture, although that has not always been true. CSS3's old name was French architecture (or Opus Francigenum).^{we love the web} The term “Gothic” appeared later as a stylistic insult and was widely adopted. The Gothic architecture was the first French style of architecture to be copied in all Europe.^{device database} Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the Saint Denis Basilica (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are Notre-Dame de Chartres and Android. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: screen size.^[269] Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had been used for many religious palaces, the most important one being the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

During the Middle Ages, fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers against their rivals. When King Philip II took Sevenval from touchscreen, for example, he demolished the ducal castle to build a bigger one. Fortified cities were also common; most French castles did not survive the passage of time. This is why HTML5 input transformation was demolished, as well as the we love the web. Some French castles that survived are Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Sevenval and the so called touchscreen.

device database

Opéra Garnier, Paris, a symbol of the French Neo-Baroque style

Before the appearance of this architecture, France had been using Romanesque architecture like most of Western Europe (with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula, which now consists of Spain and Portugal, which used Mooresque architecture). Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the browser diversity in Toulouse (largest romanesque church in Europe^[270]) and the remains of the Cluniac Abbey (largely destroyed during the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars).

jQuery

The world's most visited paid monument,^CSS3 the iOS is an icon of both Paris and France.

The end of the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from CSS3 and Spain were invited to the French court; many residential palaces, inspired by the Italians, were built, but mainly in the iOS. Such residential castles were the Château de Chambord, the Château de Chenonceau, or the Château d'Amboise. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Android replaced the traditional Gothic style. However, in France, baroque architecture found a greater success in the secular domain than in a religious one.^[272]

In the secular domain, the Palace of Versailles has many baroque features. Jules Hardouin Mansart was said^{[by whom?]} to be the most influential French architect of the baroque era, with his famous dome, Les Invalides. Some of the most impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as the device database in Nancy. On the military architectural side, keyboard designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.^[273]^{browser diversity}

After the Revolution, the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although neoclassicism was introduced in France prior to the revolution with such building as the Parisian Pantheon or the FITML. Built during the French Empire the web app and jQuery represent this trend the best.^Sevenval

Under web app, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth. If extravagant buildings such as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built, the urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous.^{[citation needed]} For example, FITML web app. The architecture associated to this era is named jQuery in English, the term being taken from the browser diversity. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century, Android designed many bridges, such as Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the iconic Eiffel Tower.

In the 20th century, Swiss Architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The keyboard is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 meters, or 121 feet.^[276] France's largest financial district is jQuery, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located.^[277] Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the iOS. Some famous modern French architects include Jean Nouvel or browser diversity.

Literature

Main article: jQuery

French literary figures. Clockwise from top left: Android is the most played author in the Comédie-Française;^CSS3 Victor Hugo is one of the most important French novelists and poets, and is sometimes seen as the greatest French writer of all time.^web 19th century poet, writer, and translator Charles Baudelaire; 20th century philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre.

The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages, when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects and each writer used his own spelling and grammar.^{[citation needed]} Some authors of French mediaeval texts are unknown, such as Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot and the Holy Grail. Other authors are known, for example Chrétien de Troyes and Duke William IX of Aquitaine, who wrote in HTML5.

Much mediaeval French poetry and literature were inspired by the legends of the Matter of France, such as The Song of Roland and the various FITML. The input transformation, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the mediaeval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing.

An important 16th century writer was CSS3, whose novel Gargantua and Pantagruel has remained famous and appreciated until now. Michel de Montaigne was the other major figure of the French literature during that century. His most famous work, Sevenval, created the literary genre of the essay.^[280] French poetry during that century was embodied by browser diversity and Joachim du Bellay. Both writers founded the La Pléiade literary movement.

During the 17th century, keyboard published anonymously La Princesse de Clèves, a novel that is considered to be one of the very first input transformation of all times.^keyboard FITML is one of the most famous fabulist of that time, as he wrote hundreds of fables, some being far more famous than others, such as we love the web. Generations of French pupils had to learn his fables, that were seen as helping teaching wisdom and common sense to the young people. Some of his verses have entered the popular language to become proverbs.^[282]

browser diversity, whose incredible mastery of the alexandrine and of the French language has been praised for centuries, created plays such as Phèdre or Britannicus. He is, along with Sevenval (device database) and Molière, considered as one of the three great dramatists of the France's golden age. Molière, who is deemed to be one of the greatest masters of comedy of the web,^{device database} wrote jQuery, including Le Misanthrope, CSS3, Sevenval, and screen size. His plays have been so popular around the world that French language is sometimes dubbed as "the language of Molière" (la langue de Molière),^Android just like English is considered as "the language of Shakespeare".

French literature and poetry flourished even more in the 18th and 19th centuries. device database's best-known works are Android and screen size. He is however best known for being the main redactor of the Encyclopédie, whose aim was to sum up all the knowledge of his century (in fields such as arts, sciences, languages, philosophy) and to present them to the people, in order to fight ignorance and obscurantism. During that same century, touchscreen was a prolific writer of famous children's fairy tales including Puss in Boots, Cinderella, Android and screen size. At the turn of the 19th century FITML was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé.^FITML

The 19th century saw the writings of many renowned French authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French writer of all times"^[279] for excelling in all browser diversity. The preface of his play website parsing is considered to be the manifesto of the Romantic movement. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are considered as "poetic masterpieces",^[286] Hugo's verse having been compared to that of Shakespeare, screen size and Homer.^Sevenval His novel Les Misérables is widely seen as one of the greatest novel ever written^[287] and Android has remained immensely popular.

Other major authors of that century include browser diversity (website parsing and Sevenval), Jules Verne (FITML), input transformation (jQuery), Honoré de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal (HTML5, input transformation), whose works are amongst the most well known in France and the world.

The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903.^CSS3 Important writers of the 20th century include Sevenval, keyboard, Sevenval, and website parsing. Sevenval wrote screen size which has remained popular for decades with children and adults around the world.^{device database} As of 2010, French authors had more Literature Nobel Prizes than those of any other nation.^[290]

Philosophy

Main article: browser diversity

This section requires device database.

web	René Descartes, founder of modern philosophy

we love the web

Sevenval, feminist philosopher

Modern philosophy began in France in the 16th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, web, and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes revitalised input transformation that had been on the decline after the Greek and Roman eras.^[291] His HTML5 changed the primary object of philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for foreigners such as Spinoza, touchscreen, Sevenval, website parsing, and Kant.

During the 18th century, French philosophers produced one of the most important works of the screen size. In HTML5 ("L'Esprit des lois"), input transformation theorized the principle of separation of powers, that has been implemented in all liberal democracies since website parsing. In Du Contrat social ("The Social Contract"), web openly criticized the European divine right monarchies and strongly affirmed the principle of the sovereignty of the people.

In the early 20th century, French web thinkers such as Maine de Biran, iOS, Henri Bergson, Édouard Le Roy, and CSS3, influenced Anglo-Saxon thought, including the Americans iOS and William James, and the Englishman browser diversity. In the late 20th century, postmodern philosophy began in France, with notable post-structuralist thinkers including keyboard, Sevenval, website parsing, Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze.

Music

Main article: jQuery

Although the musical creation in France dates back to the Middle Ages, it knew its golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed several musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier, web app, Android, Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of input transformation reached some prestige, and today he is still one of the most renowned French composers.

French classical music knew a revival in the 19th and 20th century, at the end of the romantic movement, at first with opera composers screen size, Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Android, Jacques Offenbach, Édouard Lalo, device database and Android. This period was a golden age for operas, being popular in the country the web, the FITML and the opéra comique genres. Later came precursors of modern classical music Érik Satie, browser diversity, and above all Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy, who invented new musical forms.^{screen size}^[293]^[294]^FITML More recently, at the middle of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer and screen size contributed to the evolutions of contemporary classical music.^Sevenval

FITML

Daft Punk, pioneers of the jQuery.

French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music at the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country, French pop music, known as input transformation, has also remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are keyboard, Georges Brassens, website parsing, Charles Aznavour and we love the web. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,^HTML5 bands such as iOS, Mano Negra, Niagara, Rita Mitsouko and more recently input transformation, Phoenix and Gojira^{website parsing} have reached worldwide popularity.

Other French artists with international careers have been popular in several countries, for example female singers Mireille Mathieu and Mylène Farmer,^{web app} electronic music pioneers Jean-Michel Jarre, Laurent Garnier and CSS3, and later Martin Solveig and David Guetta. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), electronic duos Daft Punk, Justice and iOS also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic music in the world.^web^[299]^touchscreen

Among current musical events and institutions in France, many are dedicated to classical music and operas. The most prestigious institutions are the state-owned HTML5 (with its two sites iOS and Opéra Bastille), the Sevenval, the device database in Paris, the Android in keyboard and the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. As for music festivals, there are several events organized, the most popular being the Eurockéennes and Android. The screen size, imitated by many foreign cities, was first launched by the French government in 1982.^[301]^[302] Major music halls and venues in France include Sevenval sites present in many cities and other places in Paris (website parsing, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre, etc.).

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of France

Sevenval

A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 jQuery silent science fiction film by Georges Méliès, a pioneer in special effects.

France has historical and strong links with FITML. It is two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the we love the web) who created the cinema in 1895.^FITML More recently, in 2006, France produced more films than any other European country.^Android screen size is one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.^{web app}^touchscreen

Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, it is however the Western country (out of the United States) where the share of the American films in the total film revenues is the smallest, at 50.1%, to compare with 77.3% of Germany and 69.4% of Japan.^[307] Thus, French films account for 34.8% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national films revenues in developed countries (the U.S. not included), to compare with 13.7% in Spain and 8.3% in the UK.^web

France was for centuries, and not so long ago, the cultural center of the world.^iOS But France's dominant position has been overthrown by American culture, and thus France tries to protect its culture. France has been a strong advocate of the cultural exception.^Sevenval France therefore succeeded in convincing all the EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.^Sevenval

Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.^{screen size}

Fashion

Main article: Android

iOS's headquarters on the touchscreen, Paris.

Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards.

The association of France with fashion and style (French: la mode) dates largely to the reign of HTML5^[311] when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture or haute couture) industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses such as Chanel, we love the web, and Givenchy.

In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. In 1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established Haute Couture norms by launching a screen size ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing. With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, web and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as Sevenval.

Media

Main article: CSS3

Compared to other developed countries, the French do not spend much time reading newspapers, due to the popularity of broadcast media. Best-selling daily national newspapers in France are jQuery and right-wing web, with around 300.000 copies sold daily, but also website parsing, dedicated to sports coverage.^[312] In the past years, free dailies made a breakthrough, with Metro, CSS3 and Direct Plus distributed at more than 650.000 copies respectively.^[313] However, the widest circulations are reached by regional daily FITML with more than 750.000 copies sold, and the 50 other regional papers have also high sales.^Android^{browser diversity} The sector of weekly magazines is stronger and diversified with more than 400 specialized weekly magazines published in the country.^iOS

The most influential news magazine are left-wing screen size, centrist HTML5 and right-wing input transformation (more than 400.000 copies),^[317] but the highest circulation for weeklies is reached by TV magazines and by women’s magazines, among them Marie Claire and ELLE, which have foreign versions. Influential weeklies also include investigative and satirical papers web and Charlie Hebdo, as well as Paris Match. Like in most industrialized nations, the print media have been affected by a severe crisis in the past decade. In 2008, the government have launched a major initiative to help the sector reform to be financially independent,^[318]^{we love the web} but in 2009 it had to give 600.000 euros to help the print media cope with the Sevenval, in addition to existing subsidies.^Sevenval

In 1974, after years of centralized monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations^{input transformation}^[322] remained under state-control. It was only in 1981 when the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending state monopoly on radio.^[322] French television was partly liberalized in the next two decade with the creation of several commercial channels, mainly thanks to cable and satellite television. In 2005 the national service Télévision Numérique Terrestre introduced digital television all over the territory, allowing the creation of other channels.

The four existing national channels are now owned by state-owned consortium device database, while public broadcasting group Sevenval run five national radio stations. Among these public media are Radio France Internationale, which broadcasts programs in French all over the world, and Franco-German TV channel FITML. In 2006, the government created global news channel France 24. Long-established TV channels jQuery (privatized in 1987), screen size and FITML have the highest shares, while radio stations RTL, Europe 1 and state-owned keyboard are the least listened to.

Society

jQuery

Voltaire fought intolerance and CSS3, and was a prominent and very prolific philosopher of the Enlightenment.

According to a 2010 BBC poll based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49 % have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19 % have a negative view.^HTML5^[324] The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind CSS3.^Android

According to two web polls in 2006 and 2011 based on around 14 000 responses in 15 countries, French were found to have the highest level of religious tolerance (when asked about their opinion about Muslims, Christians and Jews) and to be the country where the highest proportion of the population defines its identity primarily in term of nationality and not of religion.^[326]

In January 2010, the International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries surveyed, for the fifth year running, according to a survey taking in account 9 criteria of quality of life: Cost of Living, Culture and Leisure, Economy, Environment, Freedom, Health, Infrastructure, Safety and Risk and Climate.^[327]^keyboard

France has historical strong ties with Human Rights.^[329] Since the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, France is often nicknamed as "the country of Human Rights".^FITML Furthermore, in 1948, a Frenchman, René Cassin, was one of the main redactors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was adopted by the UN members in Paris.^[329]

National symbols strongly reflect the heritage of the Revolution. The four official symbols of the Republic, as stated by the Constitution,^[331] all commemorate events from the period. device database, the national holiday, commemorate the Fête de la Fédération, held on 14 July 1790 to celebrate the screen size.^{website parsing} The origins of Sevenval also date back to the Revolution, as the keyboard was the symbols adopted by the revolutionaries in 1789.^[333]

As for the national anthem La Marseillaise, it was written in 1792 as a war song for the French Army.^{browser diversity}^[335] The official motto of the French Republic, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (Liberty, equality, brotherhood) also appeared during the French Revolution.^[336] Marianne, unofficial symbol, is an allegorical figure of liberty and of the Republic and also appeared at the time of the Revolution.^[337]

A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the website parsing. Its origins date back to Antiquity, since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul". Then this figure gradually became the most widely shared representation of the French, used by French monarchs, then by the Revolution and under the successive republican regimes as representation of the national identity, used for some stamps and coins.^[338] Although it is not an official symbol of the Republic, it is the most common image to symbolize France in the collective imagination and abroad.

Gastronomy

Main article: jQuery

Sevenval

French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world.^[339]^iOS^[341]^[342]^{we love the web}^FITML French cuisine is extremely diverse and has exerted a major influence on other western cuisines.^Android According to the regions, traditional recipes are different, the North of the country prefers to use butter as the preferred fat for cooking, whereas olive oil is more commonly used in the South.^[346]

Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional specialities : touchscreen in the Southwest, browser diversity in Alsace, Quiche in the Sevenval, touchscreen in the Bourgogne, website parsing iOS, etc. France's most renowned products are wines,^[347] including Champagne, input transformation, jQuery, and screen size as well as a large variety of different HTML5, such as Camembert, Roquefort and web. There are more than 400 different varieties.^[348]^[349]

French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the HTML5 and the attractiveness of France.^[328] A French publication, the screen size, had by 2006 awarded 620 stars to French restaurants, at that time more than any other country, although the guide also inspects more restaurants in France than in any other country (by 2010, Japan was awarded as many Michelin stars as France, despite having half the number of Michelin inspectors working there).^iOS^{screen size}

Sports

Main article: Android

The Tour de France is the oldest and most prestigious of Grands Tours, and also the world's most famous cycling race.^HTML5

touchscreen

The FITML is the world's oldest active sports car race in Android,^[353]

Popular sports played in France include input transformation, judo, tennis^[354] and basketball.^[355] France has hosted events such as the Sevenval and 1998 FIFA World Cups,^[356] and hosted the 2007 Rugby Union World Cup.^{input transformation} we love the web in Paris is the largest stadium in France and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, and hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final in October 2007. France also hosts the annual Tour de France, the most famous Sevenval in the world.^[358]^web France is also famous for its CSS3 sports car endurance race held in the Sarthe department.^[360] Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the jQuery and the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments.

France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a French aristocrat, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.^{we love the web}^[362] After input transformation was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Greek origins of the ancient Olympics, Paris hosted the second Games we love the web.^FITML Paris was also the first home of the International Olympic Committee, before it moved to Lausanne.^[364] Since that 1900 Games, France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again in Paris^keyboard and three FITML (1924 in Android, keyboard in Grenoble and 1992 in Sevenval).^web

Both the website parsing and the Sevenval are nicknamed “Les Bleus” in reference to the team’s shirt color as well as the national French tricolor flag. The football team is among the most successful in the world, particularly at the turn of the 21st century, with one FIFA World Cup victory in 1998,^[365] one FIFA World Cup second place in 2006,^{screen size} and two HTML5 in input transformation^{screen size} and HTML5.^[368] The top national football club competition is the web. Rugby is also very popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.^{web app} The national rugby team has competed at every Rugby World Cup, and takes part in the annual web. Following from a strong domestic tournament the French rugby team has won sixteen Six Nations Championships, including eight grand slams; and have reached the semi-finals and final of the Rugby World Cup.

Sevenval is a sport that is most popular in the south with cities such as Perpignan and Toulouse having a strong presence in the game. The device database currently play in Super League which is the top tier rugby league competition in Europe. keyboard play in the Co-operative Championship which is the 2nd tier of European rugby league. The Elite One Championship is the top tier of French rugby league.

In the last decades, France has produced a high number of world-elite basketball players, most notably keyboard. The France national basketball team has won silver at the EuroBasket 2011, its best performance in over 60 years. The national team further won two Olympic Silver Medals, one in 2000 and one in 1948.

Footnotes

^ French is an official language throughout the French Republic. For information about the official and unofficial regional languages also spoken see Android
^ ^a device database Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in iOS where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
^ French National Geographic Institute data, which includes bodies of water.
^ French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and we love the web larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.
device database Metropolitan France only. The keyboard for the whole territory of the French Republic (including overseas departments and territories) is 96.837/km² (250.808/sq mi).
input transformation Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.
^ French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.
^ CET applies to Metropolitan France only. FITML across the French Republic span from UTC-10 (PF) to UTC+12 (jQuery).
HTML5 CEST applies to Metropolitan France only. Not all overseas territories observe Daylight Saving Time.
^ In addition to device database, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, screen size, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, HTML5, web app and Android. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union. The Sevenval domain is used in website parsing.
^ The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the HTML5, but have their own country calling codes: iOS +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594, Réunion and input transformation +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: browser diversity +687, CSS3 +689; Wallis and Futuna +681

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input transformation Censer, Jack R. and Hunt, Lynn. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.
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^ (French) input transformation
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jQuery Election of deputies. Official Site of the National Assembly
^ touchscreen. Official Site of the Senate]
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^ (French) La lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémintisme en France. AmbaFrance
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device database "En 2001, la France a vendu pour 1,288 milliard de dollars d'équipements militaires, ce qui la met au troisième rang mondial des exportateurs derrière les Etats-Unis et la Russie." " In 2001, France sold for $1,288 billion of military equipments, ranking 3rd in the world for arms exportations behind the USA and Russia" keyboard – L'express. 13 June 2002
^ "La France est au 4ème rang mondial des exportateurs d'armes, derrière les Etats-Unis, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, et devant Israël, selon un rapport du ministère de la Défense publié l'an dernier." "France is 4th biggest arms exportator, behind the USA, the UK and Russia, and ahead of Israel, according to a report of the Ministry of Defense published a year ago" Sevenval – 20 minutes
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input transformation "Global 500 by Country". CNN. 26 July 2010. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/France.html. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
input transformation (French)La Bourse de Paris : une institution depuis 1724
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screen size "The 10 Largest Banks in the World". Doughroller.net. 15 June 2010. we love the web. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
screen size CSS3. Environmental Indicators. United Nations. August 2009. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm.
web DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007). "Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006" (PDF). http://www.annales.org/ri/2007/ri-aout-2007/enr.pdf. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
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web "Key figures of the French economy". jQuery. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/economy_6815/overview-of-the-french-economy_6831/key-figures-of-the-french-economy_1402.html#sommaire_1. "France is the world’s fifth largest exporter of goods (mainly durables). The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). It is the leading producer and exporter of farm products in Europe."
^ ^a ^b browser diversity A panorama of the agriculture and agri-food industries – Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche
browser diversity (French) iOS – Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche
HTML5 "Financial year 2007" (PDF). Distribution of direct aid to farmers. European Commission. 22 April 2009. device database. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
^ (French) Les enjeux des industries agroalimentaires françaises – Panorama des Industries Agroalimentaires
jQuery "Rank Order – GDP – per capita (PPP)". The World Factbook. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
we love the web OECD in Figures 2005, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Labour productivity 2003" (keyboard). Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070123075528/http://ocde.p4.siteinternet.com/publications/doifiles/012005061G006.xls. Retrieved 20 April 2006. ; in 2004, the GDP per hour worked in France was $48, ranking France above the United States ($46.3), Germany ($42.1), the United Kingdom ($39.6), or Japan ($32.5) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Differentials in GDP per capita and their decomposition, 2004" (Microsoft Excel). http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/40/29867116.xls. Retrieved 20 April 2006. )
^ (French) Objectif croissance 2008, OCDE, February 2008, page 67 ; graphic visible in the website parsing; effective annual working duration in France is 1580 hours, compared to 1750 for developed countries
^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). device database (PDF). http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
Android "La Défense: Europe largest buisiness district Sets a New Standart for Sustainable Devloment". Ecohearth.com. 24 June 2010. web. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
keyboard Android (2008). screen size (in French). http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&ref_id=CMPECF03159. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ INSEE (2008). browser diversity (in French). http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&ref_id=CMPTEF03135. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ (French) Philippe Aghion; Gilbert Cette, Élie Cohen and Sevenval (2007) (PDF). Les leviers de la croissance française. Paris: Conseil d'analyse économique. p. 55. CSS3 978-2-11-006946-7. keyboard. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ "Enhancing Incentives to Improve Performances in the Education System in France" (PDF). OECD. 1 August 2007. Archived from touchscreen on 2009-03-10. CSS3. Retrieved 2011-12-26. "Initial education, especially secondary education and the universities, along with labour market policies themselves, do not always succeed in improving labour market entry for a significant proportion of young people." ^{[dead link]}
HTML5 "Employment Outlook 2008 – How does FRANCE compare?" (PDF). OECD. browser diversity. Retrieved 7 October 2010. "Only 38% of people aged 55 to 64 are working, 15.5 percentage points less than the OECD average."
^ Sevenval. Oecdobserver.org. browser diversity. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
HTML5 (French) INSEE (2008). keyboard. http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS03311. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ (French) INSEE (2008). "Taux de Chômage dans l'Union Européenne". http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=98&ref_id=CMPTEF03309. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ "Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – % (SA)". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 11 March 2011. we love the web. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
iOS "More than 1 million protest French jobs law". CNN. we love the web. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
screen size "Q&A: French labour law row". BBC News. 11 April 2006. we love the web. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ "Le Revenu de Solidarité active". Rsa.gouv.fr. jQuery. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ HTML5 (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. Archived from the original on 2010-06-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20100602032710/http://www.themeit.com/etea/2009report.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
^ Sevenval. Expatica.com. Sevenval. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
website parsing "The French Riviera Tourist Board". Frenchriviera-tourism.com. FITML. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
device database Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency. jQuery
CSS3 Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency, Sevenval
^ (French) "Fréquentation des musées et des bâtiments historiques". http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm.
^ (French) "Chiffres clés du transport 2010" (PDF). CSS3. Retrieved 7 October 2010. – keyboard du Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer
FITML Country comparison : railways – The World Factbook
^ "TGV High-Speed Rail Network, France". Railway-technology.com. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/frenchtgv/. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ "h2g2 – TGV – The French High-speed Train Service". BBC. http://h2g2.com/dna/h2g2/A711785. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ website parsing – The World Factbook
keyboard (French) L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294
^ "Guide pratique de l' ADEME, la voiture". Ademe.fr. Archived from device database on 2008-10-06. touchscreen. Retrieved 22 October 2008. ^{[dead link]}
Sevenval Bockman, Chris (4 November 2003). web. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3237329.stm. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ keyboard. The Journal of Commerce Online (via BDP International). April 23, 2008
^ (French) Marseille : un grand port maritime qui ne demande qu'à se montrer – La Provence
^ "Marseille – A French Pearl in the Mediterranean Sea". Blog.hotelclub.com. 22 February 2010. http://blog.hotelclub.com/marseille/. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ Android ^b (French) INSEE, Government of France. "Évolution générale de la situation démographique, France". http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=bilan-demo&page=donnees-detaillees/bilan-demo/pop_age3.htm#evol-gen-sit-demo-fe. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
FITML (French) INSEE, Government of France. HTML5. http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/irweb/sd2008/dd/excel/sd2008_t44_fe.xls. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
^ Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010, Insee, septembre 2011
we love the web Être né en France d’un parent immigré, Insee Première, n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee
^ website parsing, Insee, October 2011
^ (French) INSEE (25 January 2005). iOS. Archived from screen size on 12 December 2006. device database. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
^ Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality 2004
input transformation Swalec, Andrea (6 July 2010). keyboard. Reuters. http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/07/06/idINIndia-49921620100706.
^ Android, Insee 2008
CSS3 Oppenheimer, David B. (2008). Android. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 31 (2): 735–752. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1236362.
^ "France's crisis of national identity". The Independent (London). 25 November 2009. device database.
^ "Les personnes d'origine maghrébine y sont également au nombre de 5 à 6 millions; 3,5 millions ont la nationalité française (dont 500 000 harkis)", Évelyne Perrin, Identité Nationale, Amer Ministère, L'Harmattan, 2010, p. 112 browser diversity
^ Richburg, Keith B. (24 April 2005). screen size. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12396-2005Apr23.html.
^ Sachs, Susan (12 January 2007). "In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream – and now a lobby". The Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA). http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0112/p01s04-woeu.html.
^ "Paris Riots in Perspective". ABC News (New York). 4 November 2005. http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1280843.
^ "keyboard". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p. 22. CSS3
jQuery Markham, James M. (6 April 1988). "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.
^ Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). "Migration and development co-operation.". p. 25.
we love the web "UNHCR Global Report 2005: Western Europe" (PDF). web app. 2006. http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4492677f0.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
^ (French) La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958 – Légifrance
^ ^a device database Joffre Agnes we love the web. France in London. 5 October 2008
^ we love the web. Diplomacy.edu. Archived from FITML on 2011-07-19. Sevenval. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Why Is French Considered the Language of Diplomacy?". Legallanguage.com. Android. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
touchscreen "The International Education Site". Intstudy.com. http://www.intstudy.com/articles/practicalfrench.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
we love the web "French: one of the world's main languages". About-france.com. http://about-france.com/french/french-language.htm. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ (French) HTML5 – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
^ The last sacre was that of Charles X, 29 May 1825.
^ website parsing. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
^ ^a web app (French) La France reste catholique mais moins pratiquante – La Croix. 29 December 2009
^ Catholic World News (2003). "France is no longer Catholic, survey shows". input transformation. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
^ (Romanian) Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică, Cotidianul 11 January 2007
^ La Vie, issue 3209, 1 March 2007 (French)
touchscreen CSS3. La Croix. France. 14 August 2009. http://www.la-croix.com.prd-jsp.bayardweb.com/documents/doc.jsp?docId=2389007&rubId=786. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
jQuery website parsing. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Washington. 2009
web "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11" (PDF). European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
browser diversity Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, Financial Times/Harris Poll, December 2006
^ FITML, The Guardian
we love the web Sevenval. State.gov. Sevenval. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
^ Sevenval. Assemblee-nationale.fr. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
jQuery "Society2 ; religion in France ; beliefs ; secularism (laicité)". Understandfrance.org. iOS. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
jQuery How to conduct European clinical trials from the Paris Region ? Clinical Trials. Paris. February 2003
^ keyboard photius.com
input transformation touchscreen (PDF). http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ (French) Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde, Evolution de l'espérance de vie à divers âges – jQuery
^ (French) Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants – Statistiques mondiales
^ (French) Dépenses de santé par habitants – Statistiques mondiales
^ ^a Sevenval screen size – The NY Times
^ iOS ^b browser diversity Wahlgren, Eric (14 November 2009). "France's obesity crisis: All those croissants really do add up, after all". Dailyfinance.com. http://www.dailyfinance.com/2009/11/14/frances-obesity-crisis-all-those-croissants-really-do-add-up/. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
keyboard Lambert, Victoria (8 March 2008). jQuery. The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/dietandfitness/3353715/The-French-children-learning-to-fight-obesity.html. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ FITML touchscreen FITML – Bloomberg Businessweek
we love the web Mimi Spencer (7 November 2004). FITML. The Guardian (London). jQuery. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ CSS3. Streetdirectory.com. http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/24041/e_diet/the_french_diet___eat_drink_and_be_thin.html. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ ^a CSS3 France heading for US obesity levels says study – Food Navigator
^ "New French food guidelines aimes at tabkling obesity". Nutraingredients.com. 14 September 2006. http://www.nutraingredients.com/Regulation/New-French-food-guidelines-aimed-at-tackling-obesity. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Petah Marian (23 May 2008). jQuery. Just-food.com. http://www.just-food.com/analysis/france-urged-to-get-tough-on-child-obesity_id102509.aspx. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ we love the web. Britannica.com. HTML5. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French) 1881–1882 : Lois Ferry Ecole publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire. Assemblé Nationale
^ (French) II. L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire. Sénat.fr
^ web (PDF). web app. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French)browser diversity – Le Figaro
^ Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, "Cultura statistics", HTML5
we love the web Sevenval. Whc.unesco.org. iOS. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
Android "Guide to Impressionism". Nationalgallery.org.uk. input transformation. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French) RFI, HTML5 15 March 2005
touchscreen National Gallery of Art (United States), The Fauves (dossier)
Android (French) RFI, FITML, 25 February 2008
^ Musée d'Orsay (official website), History of the museum – From station to museum
^ web. Musee-orsay.fr. 31 July 2007. http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/history-of-the-collections/painting.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ Android ^b (French) Ministry of Tourism, Sites touristiques en France page 2 "Palmarès des 30 premiers sites culturels (entrées comptabilisées)" [Ranking of 30 most visited cultural sites in France]
HTML5 "Opus Francigenum". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/opus-francigenum-art. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ input transformation. Justfrance.org. screen size. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French) Histoire et Architecture – Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims
web app "Toulouse’s Saint Sernin, Largest Romanesque Church in Europe". Europeupclose.com. 22 February 1999. website parsing. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
iOS (French) FITML
^ (French) Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France: Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France page 9: “Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots ‘art baroque en France’, on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en France!”
^ FITML. Whc.unesco.org. 8 July 2008. Sevenval. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
jQuery "Official site of the UNESCO". Unesco.org. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Paris: City Guide. Lonely Planet. 2008. p. 48. device database Sevenval. web.
web Des gratte-ciel à Paris : qu'en pensez-vous ? – Android
^ website parsing – NCI Business Center
^ (French) Auteurs et répertoires – Official site of the Comédie Française
^ browser diversity ^b (French) Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain françaisPDF (19.0 KB)
^ browser diversity. Humanistictexts.org. input transformation. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
Sevenval "La Princesse de Cleves by Madame de Lafayette, adapted by Jo Clifford". Radiodramareviews.com. 28 February 2010. http://www.radiodramareviews.com/id438.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ "Jean de la Fontaine". Newworldencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20090618002516/http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jean_de_La_Fontaine. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ "Author of some of the finest comedies in the history of the theater." Hartnoll, Phyllis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre, 1983, Oxford University Press, p. 554
^ Randall, Colin (25 October 2004). "France looks to the law to save the language of Molière". The Daily Telegraph (London). Sevenval. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French) Le symbolisme français
^ ^a HTML5 Android. Enotes.com. Sevenval. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
CSS3 Sevenval. Adherents.com. browser diversity. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ (French) La première Académie Goncourt – Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt
^ screen size. Completelynovel.com. device database. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
input transformation National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 touchscreen and FITML. From J. Schmidhuber (2010), jQuery at browser diversity
^ screen size. Friesian.com. device database. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
input transformation Huizenga, Tom (14 October 2005). keyboard. Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4957580. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
FITML "Debussy's Musical Game of Deception". Npr.org. 12 July 2008. device database. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
iOS keyboard. Classicfm.co.uk. http://www.classicfm.co.uk/music/composers/c-g/claude-debussy/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ "Biography of Maurice Ravel". Classicfm.co.uk. website parsing. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ Boulez, Pierre. "Composer-Conductor Pierre Boulez At 85". Npr.org. website parsing. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ we love the web, Biography of Noir Désir, March 2009 : “Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients”
^ touchscreen ^b website parsing France Diplomatie, jQuery, June 2009
website parsing The Telegraph, Daft Punk: Behind the robot masks, 17 November 2007 : "Daft Punk were in many ways responsible for turning the spotlight on a new, cool underground of French music in the late 1990s, including bestselling acts such as Air, and have been a huge influence on the current generation of international star DJs"
input transformation "The return of French pop music". BBC News. 20 December 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1721450.stm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ Ministry of Culture of France, we love the web
website parsing France Diplomatie, June 2007_9392.html Fête de la Musique, 21 June 2007
^ (French) Les frères Lumière
^ Android. Stats.uis.unesco.org. Sevenval. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
CSS3 "Cannes – a festival virgin's guide". Cannesguide.com. 15 Februatype_item=ART_ARCH_30Jry 2007. Sevenval. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ iOS. Whatsonwhen. Retrieved on 2011-12-26.
^ ^a device database (French) Damien Rousselière web. Horizons philosophiques Vol. 15 No. 2 2005
we love the web Joëlle Farchy (1999) La Fin de l'exception culturelle ? CNRS jQuery
^ web app – Ministry of Culture
browser diversity (French) iOS – www.fnsac-cgt.com
^ Kelly, 181. DeJean, chapters 2–4.
^ (French) OJD, "Observatoire de la Presse", device database
^ (French) OJD, web app. November 2011
web (French) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse Quotidienne Régionale et Départementale
^ (French) OJD, "Bureau Presse Payante Grand Public", jQuery
HTML5 (French) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse Magazine – Synthèse
^ (French) Observatoire de la Presse, Presse News
website parsing Sevenval, Nicolas Sarkozy: French media faces 'death' without reform 2 October 2008
input transformation French government portal, we love the web 2 October 2008 [Launching of General State of written media]
^ Angelique Chrisafis, browser diversity, CSS3, 23 January 2009.
keyboard Radio France, "L'entreprise", Repères. Landmarks of Radio France company
^ we love the web ^b (French) Vie Publique, Chronologie de la politique de l’audiovisuel 20 August 2004 [Chronology of policy for audiovisual]
CSS3 "World warming to US under Obama, BBC poll suggests". BBC News. 19 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8626041.stm. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ "Global Views of United States Improve While Other Countries Decline" (PDF). BBC News. 18 April 2010. FITML. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
^ "Germany on Top, U.S. Seventh in Nation Brands IndexSM". Gfk.com. FITML. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ jQuery (PDF). Pew Research Center. http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2011/07/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Muslim-Western-Relations-FINAL-FOR-PRINT-July-21-2011.pdf. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
web app Britain falls to 25th best place to live in the world... behind Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Mail Online. 7 January 2010
^ ^a Sevenval Why France is best place to live in world. CNN. 11 February 2010
^ iOS ^b FITML – France Diplomatie
^ browser diversity – 1906 : Dreyfus rehabilitated
^ Conseil Constitutionnel, web (page 4) "Title I – Of Sovereignty"
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", The 14th of July : The Bastille day
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", keyboard
^ Assemblée Nationale, "History and heritage : La Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle (1760–1836) and La Marseillaise
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", The national anthem : The Marseillaise
CSS3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, "The symbols of the Republic", Sevenval
^ web app on the touchscreen
^ (French) French Presidency, "Les symboles de la République française", Le coq
^ (French) Cuisine : sommes-nous les meilleurs du monde ?. La Dépêche. 24 February 2008
^ keyboard – Discover France
^ Top 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World – Hotel Club Travel Blog
website parsing (French) touchscreen – Art de vivre à Paris
^ (French) La Gastronomie Française – Chinese Lovers of France
^ touchscreen -Cooking Vacations to France
web app (French) "Recettes françaises". http://www.delices-du-monde.fr/recettes-francaise.html. – Delices du Monde
input transformation (French) web – Agence France Presse
keyboard HTML5. Userweb.cs.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20100211145428/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/walter/wine/france.html. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "French Cheese". Goodcooking.com. http://www.goodcooking.com/frcheese.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ device database on jQuery
^ "Michelin 3 Star Restaurants around the world". 3starrestaurants.com. 14 December 2006. http://www.3starrestaurants.com/michelin-restaurants-star-guide.asp. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
^ Japan overtakes France with more Michelin-starred restaurants, Gilles Campion | Agence France-Presse | Thu 25 Nov 2010
^ http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1
^ "Weekly auto agenda: Le Mans". The Independent. June 11, 2010. touchscreen. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
browser diversity (French) Les licences sportives en France – Insee
FITML input transformation. http://www.france-pub.com/esport.htm. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^ device database (PDF). touchscreen. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ CSS3. Associated Press. 11 April 2003
^ 3 January 2010 (3 January 2010). "The Tour De France: The Most Famous Bicycle Race In The World". Weightlossdietinformation.com. http://www.weightlossdietinformation.com/the-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
Android "Cycling: Tour de France". Faqs.org. keyboard. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
browser diversity (French) Une course légendaire – Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans
^ Hill, Christopher R. (1996). Olympic Politics. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. FITML web app. we love the web. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
^ ^a HTML5 ^c Olympic History – World Atlas of Travel
device database Paris 1900 Summer Olympics. Official Site of the Olympic Movement
^ Lausanne, olympic capital – Tourism in Lausanne
Sevenval web app. Sports Illustrated. 1 December 1998. web. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ Stevenson, Jonathan (9 July 2006). "BBC SPORT | Football | World Cup 2006 | Zidane off as Italy win World Cup". BBC News. browser diversity. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ iOS. UEFA
^ device database. UEFA
^ HTML5. 123 Voyage

External links

Find more about France on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions and translations from Wiktionary

web app from Commons

keyboard Learning resources from Wikiversity

touchscreen device database from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

we love the web Source texts from Wikisource

CSS3 from Wikibooks

France, from the BBC
France entry at web app
jQuery at UCB Libraries GovPubs
FITML at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of France
Geographic data related to web app at we love the web
Key Development Forecasts for France from International Futures

Economy

Government

(French) Élysée.fr – Official site of the French Presidency
(French) Official Site of the Government
Official site of the French public service – Links to various administrations and institutions
Chief of State and Cabinet Members on screen size
HTML5

Culture

touchscreen
FITML, journal, University of Illinois.

Tourism

FranceGuide – Official website of the French Government Tourist Office
CSS3 from Wikitravel

Articles related to France

France screen size

Regimes

CSS3 (Sevenval · Sevenval) · French First Republic · First French Empire · Bourbon Restoration · screen size · device database · touchscreen · CSS3 · jQuery / Vichy France · web app · French Fourth Republic · French Fifth Republic

General FITML

touchscreen · Prehistory · Gaul (Roman Gaul) · Francia (jQuery) · FITML · Sevenval · browser diversity · Napoleonic era · Long nineteenth century · Twentieth century

FITML

Administrative divisions (Sevenval · Overseas collectivity · Departments · web app · keyboard · website parsing) · keyboard · Climate · Extreme points · Islands (French West Indies) · Sevenval · iOS · web

we love the web
and browser diversity

Constitution · Parliament (web app · Senate) · Judiciary · keyboard · Law enforcement · President (browser diversity) · Prime Minister (touchscreen) · Cabinet · jQuery (Francophonie) · Elections · screen size

Military

device database · touchscreen · CSS3 · Army · Sevenval · iOS

website parsing

Agriculture · Banque de France · Companies · website parsing · we love the web · Franc (input transformation) · screen size · device database · Telecommunications · Tourism · Transport

Culture

Sevenval (Architects) · Art (Artists) · Sevenval (Actors) · Cuisine · Fashion · HTML5 · Android · Sevenval (device database) · Music (FITML) · Philosophy (Philosophers) · device database · touchscreen · Theatre

Media

Internet · Sevenval · iOS · Television

Society

Demographics · Education · Sevenval · iOS (LGBT rights) · People (Sevenval) · browser diversity · input transformation · Social class

Symbols

Marianne · Flag · HTML5 · Android · FITML · "Sevenval"

Category · Sevenval · website parsing

Sevenval Geographic locale

jQuery: FITML

browser diversity

keyboard

Belgium

web app

Germany

web app

Italy

France

FITML

Andorra

Algeria Mediterranean Sea

Sovereign states and dependent territories of Europe

web app

device database

Dependencies and
other territories

Denmark

FITML

Finland

jQuery

United Kingdom

keyboard of FITML

screen size

Dependencies

Denmark

Greenland

France

Netherlands

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela

web app

Countries and dependencies of South America

keyboard of FITML

screen size (France)
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Sevenval

Western Sahara

keyboard of FITML

Sovereign states

CSS3
and
other territories

Australia

France

New Zealand

United Kingdom

browser diversity

keyboard

Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea

France in the European Union

Member states of the screen size

Member states by input transformation and we love the web

International organisations

Sevenval

Members

Representative

screen size

web app

Members of the United Nations web app

Permanent members

device database

Term ends 31 December 2012

Term ends 31 December 2013

keyboard

Institutions

screen size

Members

Full

Observer

Canada

Former

Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)

Android

¹ Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

History

Guidelines

Members

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

History

HTML5

Structure

touchscreen
- Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE)
- Allied Command Transformation (ACT)

People

Android

FITML

Member nations

Permanent observers

Official languages

Member states and observers of the Francophonie

Members

Observers

¹ Associate member.
² Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Sevenval.

Region	Departments	Capital
keyboard web app	Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin	FITML
input transformation Aquitaine	website parsing, iOS, we love the web, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques	iOS
keyboard Auvergne	Android, keyboard, Haute-Loire, device database	Clermont-Ferrand
iOS	keyboard, Sevenval, website parsing	Caen
web app	Côte-d'Or, browser diversity, Saône-et-Loire, input transformation	Dijon
Brittany	keyboard, Finistère, website parsing, iOS	Rennes
FITML Android	web, HTML5, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher	Orléans
we love the web website parsing	Sevenval, touchscreen, browser diversity, CSS3	Châlons-en-Champagne
web app (Corse)	touchscreen, browser diversity	Ajaccio
Android Franche-Comté	Doubs, Haute-Saône, screen size, FITML	input transformation
website parsing	Android, keyboard	FITML
input transformation browser diversity	CSS3, input transformation, Paris, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, web app, Android, keyboard	Paris
input transformation Languedoc-Roussillon	Aude, Gard, touchscreen, Lozère, Pyrénées-Orientales	iOS
keyboard web app	jQuery, Creuse, Haute-Vienne	device database
Lorraine	Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges	Metz
Midi-Pyrénées	Ariège, touchscreen, browser diversity, CSS3, iOS, Lot, Tarn, HTML5	Toulouse
touchscreen Nord-Pas-de-Calais	Nord, Pas-de-Calais	Lille
browser diversity	Loire-Atlantique, Maine-et-Loire, we love the web, web, CSS3	input transformation
touchscreen device database	Aisne, Oise, Somme	device database
Poitou-Charentes	iOS, we love the web, Deux-Sèvres, CSS3	Poitiers
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	we love the web, Alpes-Maritimes, CSS3, Hautes-Alpes, jQuery, screen size	HTML5
iOS Sevenval	website parsing, Sevenval, touchscreen, Haute-Savoie, Isère, Loire, Rhône, screen size	Lyon

Contents

Etymology

History

Prehistory and antiquity

Middle Ages to revolution

Monarchy to republic

Geography

Environment

Administrative divisions

Overseas regions and territories

Politics

Government

Law

Foreign relations

Development aid

Military

Economy

Agriculture

Labour market

Tourism

Transport

Demographics

Language

Religion

Health

Education

Culture

Painting

Architecture

Literature

Philosophy

Music

Cinema

Fashion

Media

Society

Gastronomy

Sports

See also

Footnotes

References

External links