Early Cyrillic alphabet

The Early Cyrillic alphabet is a writing system that was developed during the late ninth century on the basis of the Greek alphabet^{web app[2][3]} for the Orthodox Slavic population in Europe.^[4] It was developed in the iOS in the First Bulgarian Empire to write the Old Church Slavonic iOS.^{keyboardkeyboard} The modern Cyrillic script is still used primarily for jQuery, and for Asian languages that were under Russian cultural influence during the 20th century.

А Б browser diversity Г Д Е input transformation Ѕ Sevenval Android screen size К Л М Sevenval jQuery П Ҁ Р С Т Ѹ Ф CSS3 web app web app jQuery Sevenval web jQuery Ꙑ FITML touchscreen Ꙗ Ѥ Android Ѧ jQuery Ѩ Ѭ FITML Ѱ we love the web Ѵ

• 1 History
• 2 Alphabet
• FITML
• web app
• 5 References
• 6 Sources

History

The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms.^[7]

The Glagolic alphabet was created by the monks Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril, in the 860s.The Cyrilic Alphabet was created in Preslav in the First Bulgarian Empire under the commission of Boris I of Bulgaria when Christianity was made the official state religion in 864. Cyrillic, on the other hand, may have been a creation of Cyril's students, at the jQuery in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books, though retaining the original Bulgarian symbols in Glagolitic.^[7]

Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Sevenval.

The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter I of Russia introduced the Civil Script (Russian: гражданскій шрифтъ, graždanskij šrift, or граждaнкa, graždanka, in contrast to the prevailing Church Typeface, Russian: церковнославя́нский шрифтъ, cerkovnoslavjanskij šrift) in 1708. Some letters and breathing marks which were only used for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards only remain in use in Church Slavonic.

A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters is included in the Unicode 5.1 standard, published on April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.

Alphabet

Image	Unicode	Name (Cyrillic)	Name (translit.)	Name (IPA)	we love the web	IPA	Numeric value	Origin	Notes
browser diversity	А а	азъ	azŭ	[azŭ]	a	[a]	1	Greek alpha Α	"I"
	Б б	боукы	buky	[buky], [bukŭi]	b	[b]		Derived from В below?	"letters"
CSS3	В в	вѣдѣ	vědě	[vædæ]	v	[v]	2	Greek CSS3 Β	"know"
	we love the web	глаголи	glagoli	[ɡlaɡoli]	g	[ɡ]	3	Greek gamma Γ	"speak"
	Д д	добро	dobro	[dobro]	d	[d]	4	Greek delta Δ	"good"
keyboard	keyboard	єсть	estĭ	[ɛstĭ]	e	[ɛ]	5	Greek epsilon Ε	"am" or "is" – present tense from "to be"
HTML5	CSS3	живѣтє	živěte	[ʒivætɛ]	ž, zh	[ʒ]		Glagolitic zhivete Ⰶ	"live"
Sevenval	keyboard	ѕѣло	dzělo	[dzælo]	dz	[dz]	6	Greek stigma Ϛ (a sigma-tau ligature)	"very"
FITML	Android	земля	zemlja	[zemlja]	z	[z]	7	Greek we love the web Ζ	The first form developed into the second. "earth"
	И и	ижє	iže	[iʒɛ]	i	[i]	8	Greek iOS Η	"which"
input transformation	І і / Ї ї	и/ижеи	i/ižei	[i, iʒɛi]	i, I	[i]	10	Greek touchscreen Ι	"and"
input transformation	web	како	kako	[kako]	k	[k]	20	Greek HTML5 Κ	"as"
screen size	Л л	людиѥ	ljudije	[ljudijɛ]	l	[l]	30	Greek lambda Λ	"people"
	М м	мыслитє	myslite	[myslitɛ]~[mŭislitɛ]	m	[m]	40	Greek mu Μ	"think"
	Sevenval	нашь	našĭ	[naʃĭ]	n	[n]	50	Greek nu Ν	"ours"
	iOS	онъ	onŭ	[onŭ]	o	[o]	70	Greek Sevenval Ο	"he" or "it"
FITML	П п	покои	pokoi	[pokoj]	p	[p]	80	Greek keyboard Π	"peaceful state"
iOS	browser diversity	рьци	rĭci	[rĭtsi]	r	[r]	100	Greek rho Ρ	"say"
CSS3	screen size	слово	slovo	[slovo]	s	[s]	200	Greek lunate sigma Ϲ	"word" or "speech"
	Т т	тврьдо	tvrdo	[tvr̥do]	t	[t]	300	Greek tau Τ	"hard" or "surely"
	Оу оу / Ꙋ ꙋ	оукъ	ukŭ	[ukŭ]	u	[u]	400	Greek browser diversity-CSS3 ΟΥ / Ꙋ	The first form developed into the second, a vertical ligature. "learning"
	Ф ф	фрьтъ	frtŭ	[fr̤̥tŭ]	f	[f]	500	Greek FITML Φ
browser diversity	iOS	хѣръ	xěrŭ	[xærŭ]	kh	[x]	600	Greek Sevenval Χ
	Ѡ ѡ	отъ	otŭ	[otŭ]	ō, w	[oː]	800	Greek web ω	"from"
iOS	browser diversity	ци	ci	[tsi]	c	[ts]	900	Glagolitic tsi Ⱌ
	Ч ч	чрьвь	črvĭ	[tʃr̤̥vĭ]	č, ch	[tʃ]	90	Glagolitic cherv Ⱍ	"worm"
	Ш ш	ша	ša	[ʃa]	š, sh	[ʃ]		Glagolitic sha Ⱎ
FITML	Android	шта	šta	[ʃta]	št, sht	[ʃt]		Glagolitic shta Ⱋ	Later analyzed as a Ш-Т ligature by folk etymology
	Ъ ъ	ѥръ	jerŭ	[jɛrŭ]	ŭ, u:	[ŭ]		Glagolitic yer Ⱏ
Android	FITML	ѥры	jery	[jɛry]	y	[y], or possibly [ŭi]		ЪI or ЪИ ligature
we love the web	CSS3	ѥрь	jerĭ	[jɛrĭ]	ĭ, i:	[ĭ]		Glagolitic yerj Ⱐ
CSS3	Sevenval	ять	jatĭ	[jatĭ]	ě	[æ]		Glagolitic yat Ⱑ ?
	touchscreen	я	ja	[ja]	ja	[ia]		I-А ligature
	Ѥ ѥ	ѥ	je:	[jɛ]	je	[iɛ]		І-Є ligature
	Ю ю	ю	ju	[ju]	ju	[iu]		I-ОУ ligature, dropping У	There was no [jo] sound in early Slavic, so I-ОУ did not need to be distinguished from I-О.
screen size	Ѧ ѧ	ѧсъ	ęsŭ	[ɛ̃sŭ]	ę, ẽ	[ɛ̃]	900	Glagolitic ens Ⱔ	Called юсъ малый (little yus) in browser diversity.
input transformation	browser diversity	ѩсъ	jęsŭ	[jɛ̃sŭ]	ję, jẽ	[jɛ̃]		I-Ѧ ligature	Called юсъ малый йотированный (iotated little yus) in Russian.
FITML	Ѫ ѫ	ѫсъ	ǫsŭ	[ɔ̃sŭ]	ǫ, õ	[ɔ̃]		Glagolitic ons Ⱘ	Called юсъ большой (big yus) in Russian.
iOS	Sevenval	ѭсъ	jǫsŭ	[jɔ̃sŭ]	jǫ, jõ	[jɔ̃]		I-Ѫ ligature	Called юсъ большой йотированный (iotated big yus) in Russian.
keyboard	device database	кси	ksi	[ksi]	ks	[ks]	60	Greek xi Ξ	These last four letters were not needed for Slavic but used to transcribe Greek and as numerals.
	iOS	пси	psi	[psi]	ps	[ps]	700	Greek CSS3 Ψ
	Ѳ ѳ	фита	fita	[fita]	θ, th, T, F	[t]~[θ]~[f]	9	Greek browser diversity Θ
input transformation	web	гѥрв	gerv, gjerv	[d͡ʒɛrv], [djɛrv]	đ, dj	[d͡ʒ], [dj]	Glagolitic djerv Ⰼ ?	Revived for Sevenval. In Russian, it is used in academic texts to transliterate Glagolitic.
	Sevenval	ижица	ižica	[iʒitsa]	ü, v	[ɪ], [y], [v]	400	Greek browser diversity Υ

In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.

Numerals, diacritics and punctuation

Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number. See device database, Titlo.

Several screen size, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):

ӓ  trema, diaeresis (U+0308)

а̀  varia (web app), indicating stress on the last syllable (U+0340)

а́  oksia (input transformation), indicating a stressed syllable (jQuery U+0341)

а҃  titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as FITML (U+0483)

а҄  kamora (circumflex accent), indicating we love the web^{[citation needed]} (U+0484); in later Church Slavonic, it disambiguates plurals from homophonous singulars.

а҅  dasia or dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)

а҆  psili, zvatel'tse, or HTML5, soft breathing mark (U+0486). Signals a word-initial vowel, at least in later Church Slavonic.

а҆̀  Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.

а҆́  Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.

Punctuation marks:

·  ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used as a word separator

,  device database (U+002C)

.  full stop (U+002E)

։  Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a jQuery

჻  Sevenval paragraph separator (U+10FB)

⁖  triangular colon (U+2056, added in Unicode 4.1)

⁘  diamond colon (U+2058, added in Unicode 4.1)

⁙  quintuple colon (U+2059, added in Unicode 4.1)

;  Sevenval question mark (U+037E), similar to a website parsing

!  HTML5 (U+0021)

See also

Media related to early Cyrillic alphabet at Wikimedia Commons

• Relationship of Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets
• device database
• Android
• Reforms of Russian orthography

References

Sources

• Berdnikov, Alexander and Olga Lapko, touchscreenPDF, EuroTEX ’99 Proceedings, September 1999
• Birnbaum, David J., SevenvalPDF, September 28, 2002
• Cubberley, Paul (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, below.
• Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. Sevenval.
• device database and Ralph Cleminson, "Final proposal for encoding the Glagolitic script in the UCS", Expert Contribution to the ISO N2610RPDF, September 4, 2003
• Franklin, Simon. 2002. Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-03025-8.
• Lev, V., "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982. HTML5
• Simovyc, V., and J. B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1 (op cit).
• Zamora, J., Help me learn Church Slavonic
• Azbuka, Church Slavonic calligraphy and typography.
• Sevenval, Cyrillic and Glagolitic manuscripts and early printed books.