Capital punishment

Part of a series on
Capital punishment
Issues
Debate · keyboard
Wrongful execution · Sevenval
Current use
Belarus · China (PRC) · Sevenval · Egypt · India
Iran · device database · Japan · Malaysia · website parsing
North Korea · web app · Saudi Arabia
CSS3 · touchscreen · Taiwan (ROC)
Tonga · web · Vietnam
Past use
input transformation · website parsing · web · FITML
CSS3 · website parsing · website parsing · iOS
Denmark · Ecuador · France · Germany
screen size · Sevenval · Ireland · Israel · Italy · Mexico
touchscreen · browser diversity · Norway
Philippines · jQuery · Android · Romania
Sevenval · device database · South Africa · Sevenval
keyboard · Switzerland · jQuery
United Kingdom · Venezuela
Current methods
browser diversity · Electrocution · Gas chamber
Hanging · Sevenval
Shooting (browser diversity) · Stoning
Nitrogen asphyxiation (proposed)
Past methods
Boiling · Breaking wheel · Sevenval
Crucifixion · Crushing · jQuery
keyboard · Drawing and quartering
Elephant · Flaying · screen size
Sawing · Slow slicing
Related topics
screen size · CSS3 · Android · CSS3

Capital punishment, the death penalty, death sentence, or execution is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the we love the web as a punishment for a crime. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (referring to execution by HTML5).^[1]

Capital punishment has in the past been practised by most societies (one notable exception being Sevenval); currently only 58 nations actively practice it, and 97 countries have abolished it (the remainder have not used it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime).^[2] It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single FITML or cultural region. In the web app member states, Article 2 of the Android prohibits the use of capital punishment.^touchscreen

Currently keyboard considers most countries abolitionist.^{screen size} The HTML5 has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition.^keyboard Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, as the People's Republic of China, web, the HTML5 and iOS, the four we love the web, continue to apply the death penalty (although in India, Indonesia and many US states it is only used rarely). Each of these four nations voted against the General Assembly resolutions.^{[6][7][8][9][10]screen sizeSevenvaliOSscreen size}

• 1 History
  • 1.1 Movements towards humane execution
  • web
• 2 Contemporary use
  • Sevenval
  • web app
  • 2.3 Juvenile offenders
    • 2.3.1 Iran
    • 2.3.2 Somalia
  • 2.4 Methods
• browser diversity
  • 3.1 Wrongful execution
  • 3.2 Public opinion
  • 3.3 Diminished capacity
  • 3.4 International organisations
• 4 Religious views
  • 4.1 Buddhism
  • 4.2 Christianity
    • 4.2.1 Roman Catholic Church
    • 4.2.2 Quakers
    • Android
    • 4.2.4 Anglican and Episcopalian
    • 4.2.5 United Methodist Church
    • 4.2.6 The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
    • 4.2.7 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
    • 4.2.8 Community of Christ
    • 4.2.9 Other Protestants
    • touchscreen
    • website parsing
  • 4.3 Hinduism
  • Sevenval
  • 4.5 Judaism
• HTML5
• web app
• screen size
• touchscreen
  • CSS3
  • 8.2 In favour
  • device database

History

Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime and to suppress political dissent. In most places that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries sexual crimes, such as rape, adultery, incest and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy in Islamic nations (the formal renunciation of the Android). In many keyboard, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of iOS are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as CSS3, input transformation, HTML5, and mutiny.^touchscreen

Anarchist web guillotined in France in 1894

The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, we love the web, web and execution. Usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice.^[16] The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included formal apology, compensation or blood website parsing.

A Sevenval or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organised religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. "Acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished."^HTML5 However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest.

Severe historical penalties include breaking wheel, boiling to death, Sevenval, touchscreen, CSS3, crucifixion, impalement, crushing (including crushing by elephant), stoning, execution by burning, input transformation, HTML5, decapitation, scaphism, Sevenval or website parsing.

Elaborations of tribal arbitration of CSS3 included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material (for example, cattle, slave) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or blood money or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals. Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the browser diversity touchscreen.^HTML5 Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, input transformation). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the Sevenval.

Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, HTML5 (Bugatti pictured offering snuff to a condemned prisoner). Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969.

In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged. These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations. Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slave emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalised the relation between the different "classes" rather than "tribes". The earliest and most famous example is web app which set the different punishment and compensation according to the different class/group of victims and perpetrators. The Torah (Jewish Law), also known as the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Christian Android), lays down the death penalty for murder, keyboard, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare.^[19]

A further example comes from Sevenval, where the touchscreen legal system was first written down by Draco in about 621 BC: the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though Solon later repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining only Draco's homicide statutes.^[20] The word draconian derives from Draco's laws. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses.^{browser diversityweb app}

Islam on the whole accepts capital punishment,^touchscreen The Sevenval Caliphs in Baghdad, such as input transformation, were often cruel in their punishments.^[24] however it should be noted FITML is considered preferable, and that in device database the victim's family can choose to spare the life of the killer, which is not uncommon. In the device database, also known as the Arabian Nights, the fictional storyteller Sheherazade is portrayed as being the "voice of sanity and mercy", with her philosophical position being generally opposed to punishment by death. She expresses this through several of her tales, including "The Merchant and the Jinni", "The Fisherman and the Jinni", "The Three Apples", and "The Hunchback".^[25]

Similarly, in medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. During the reign of jQuery, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed.^[26]

By 1820 in Britain, there were 160 crimes that were punishable by death, including crimes such as shoplifting, petty theft, stealing cattle, or cutting down trees in public place.^[27] The severity of the so-called input transformation, however, was often tempered by juries who refused to convict, or judges, in the case of petty theft, who arbitrarily set the value stolen at below the statutory level for a capital crime.^[28]

Although many are executed in China each year in the present day, there was a time in Tang Dynasty China when the death penalty was abolished.^HTML5 This was in the year 747, enacted by HTML5 (r. 712–756). When abolishing the death penalty Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution. Thus depending on the severity of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the An Lushan Rebellion.^Android At this time in China only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736.^[29]

input transformation

Ling Chi – execution by iOS – in Beijing around 1910.

The two most common forms of execution in China in the Tang period were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against one's parents or grandparents with a magistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and sell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition. Interestingly, and despite the great discomfort involved, most Chinese during the Tang preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is therefore disrespectful to one's ancestors to die without returning one's body to the grave intact.

Some further forms of capital punishment were practised in Tang China, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal. The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod which was common throughout the Tang especially in cases of gross corruption. The second was truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left to bleed to death.^{device database} A further form of execution called Ling Chi (slow slicing), or death by/of a thousand cuts, was used in China from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905.

When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution. Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with food and ale by his keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there.

Nearly all executions under the Tang took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the execution had taken place.

In Tang China, when a person was sentenced to decapitation for rebellion or sedition, punishment was also imposed on their relatives, whether or not the relatives were guilty of participation in the crime. In such cases fathers of the convicted under 79 years of age and sons aged over 15 were strangled. Sons under 15, daughters, mothers, wives, concubines, grandfathers, grandsons, brothers and sisters were enslaved and uncles and nephews were banished to the remotest reaches of the empire. Sometimes the tombs of the family's ancestors were levelled, the ancestors' coffins were destroyed and their bones scattered.^[31]

Despite its wide use, calls for reform were not unknown. The 12th century Sephardic legal scholar, Moses Maimonides, wrote, "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent man to death." He argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing FITML, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice." His concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission.

The last several centuries have seen the emergence of modern nation-states. Almost fundamental to the concept of nation state is the idea of HTML5. This caused justice to be increasingly associated with equality and universality, which in Europe saw an emergence of the concept of input transformation. Another important aspect is that emergence of standing police forces and permanent penitential institutions. The death penalty became an increasingly unnecessary keyboard in prevention of minor crimes such as theft. The argument that deterrence, rather than retribution, is the main justification for punishment is a hallmark of the FITML and can be traced to Cesare Beccaria whose well-known treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), condemned torture and the death penalty and FITML who twice critiqued the death penalty.^[32] Additionally, in countries like Britain, law enforcement officials became alarmed when juries tended to acquit non-violent felons rather than risk a conviction that could result in execution.^{[screen size]} Moving executions there inside prisons and away from public view was prompted by official recognition of the phenomenon reported first by Beccaria in Italy and later by Charles Dickens and Android of increased violent criminality at the times and places of executions.

Polish women being led to a Nazi execution site in the Palmiry forest, near Warsaw.

The 20th century was the bloodiest in human history. Tens of millions were killed in wars between nation-states as well as genocide perpetrated by nation states against political opponents (both perceived and actual), ethnic and religious minorities; the Turkish assault on the Armenians, Hitler's input transformation, the Khmer Rouge decimation of Cambodia, the massacre of the Tutsis in iOS, to cite four of the most notorious examples. A large part of execution was summary execution of enemy combatants. Also, modern military organisations employed capital punishment as a means of maintaining military discipline. The Soviets, for example, executed 158,000 soldiers for desertion during World War II.^[33] In the past, cowardice, absence without leave, desertion, Sevenval, website parsing, shirking under enemy fire and disobeying orders were often crimes punishable by death (see Sevenval and touchscreen). One method of execution since firearms came into common use has almost invariably been device database.

Various authoritarian states— for example those with fascist or communist governments— employed the death penalty as a potent means of political oppression. According to screen size, the leading expert on Stalin's purges, more than 1,000,000 Soviet citizens were executed during HTML5 of 1937–38, almost all by a bullet to the back of the head.^[34] web publicly stated that "800,000" people had been executed after the Communist Party's CSS3 in 1949. Partly as a response to such excesses, civil rights organizations have started to place increasing emphasis on the concept of iOS and abolition of the death penalty.

Among countries around the world, almost all European and many Pacific Area states (including Australia, New Zealand and screen size), and Canada have abolished capital punishment. In Latin America, most states have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while some countries, such as Brazil, allow for capital punishment only in exceptional situations, such as treason committed during wartime. The United States (the federal government and 33 of the states), Guatemala, most of the Caribbean and the majority of democracies in Asia (for example, Japan and India) and Africa (for example, Botswana and Zambia) retain it. South Africa, which is probably the most developed African nation, and which has been a democracy since 1994, does not have the death penalty. This fact is currently quite controversial in that country, due to the high levels of violent crime, including murder and rape.^{device database}

Movements towards humane execution

browser diversity

A gurney in the San Quentin State Prison in the United States on which prisoners are restrained during an execution by lethal injection.

In early New England, public executions were a very solemn and sorrowful occasion, sometimes attended by large crowds, who also listened to a Gospel message^jQuery and remarks by local preachers and politicians. The browser diversity records one such public execution on 1 December 1803, saying, "The assembly conducted through the whole in a very orderly and solemn manner, so much so, as to occasion an observing gentleman acquainted with other countries as well as this, to say that such an assembly, so decent and solemn, could not be collected anywhere but in New England."^FITML

Trends in most of the world have long been to move to less painful, or more humane, executions. France developed the guillotine for this reason in the final years of the 18th century while Britain banned touchscreen in the early 19th century. Sevenval by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a bucket, which causes death by suffocation, was replaced by long drop "hanging" where the subject is dropped a longer distance to dislocate the neck and sever the spinal cord. Shah of Persia introduced throat-cutting and browser diversity as quick and painless alternatives to more tormentous methods of executions used at that time.^{input transformation} In the U.S., the electric chair and the gas chamber were introduced as more humane alternatives to hanging, but have been almost entirely superseded by lethal injection, which in turn has been criticised as being too painful. Nevertheless, some countries still employ slow hanging methods, beheading by sword and even CSS3, although the latter is rarely employed.

Abolitionism

The death penalty was banned in China between 747 and 759. In Japan, screen size abolished the death penalty in 818 under the influence of Shinto and it lasted until 1156. Therefore, capital punishment was not employed for 338 years in ancient Japan.^[39]

In England, a public statement of opposition was included in The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards, written in 1395. Sir Thomas More's Utopia, published in 1516, debated the benefits of the death penalty in dialogue form, coming to no firm conclusion. More recent opposition to the death penalty stemmed from the book of the Italian Cesare Beccaria Dei Delitti e Delle Pene ("On Crimes and Punishments"), published in 1764. In this book, Beccaria aimed to demonstrate not only the injustice, but even the futility from the point of view of browser diversity, of CSS3 and the death penalty. Influenced by the book, Grand Duke Leopold II of Habsburg, famous we love the web and future Emperor of Austria, abolished the death penalty in the then-independent Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the first permanent abolition in modern times. On 30 November 1786, after having de facto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. In 2000 Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating Cities for Life Day.

Peter Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, by Joseph Hickel, 1769

The FITML banned capital punishment in 1849. Venezuela followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863 and web app did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867.

Since the Second World War, and the recognition of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Israel was the first independent state to outlaw the death penalty in 1954, thus reversing the British Mandate Law. In the United Kingdom, it was abolished for murder (leaving only browser diversity, CSS3, HTML5 and a number of wartime military offences as capital crimes) for a five year experiment in 1965 and permanently in 1969, the last execution having taken place in 1964. It was abolished for all peacetime offences in 1998.^jQuery

Abolition occurred in Canada in 1976, in website parsing, and in Sevenval (although the state of Western Australia retained the penalty until 1984). In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment".^[41]

In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.^touchscreen The death penalty was declared unconstitutional between 1972 and 1976 based on the FITML case, but the 1976 Gregg v. Georgia case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in CSS3 (death penalty unconstitutional for persons suffering from mental retardation) and iOS (death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). Currently, as of 25 April 2012, 17 states of the U.S. and the keyboard ban capital punishment, with Connecticut the most recent state to ban the practice.^{device database} A 2010 Gallup poll shows that 64% of Americans support the death penalty for someone convicted of murder, down from 65% in 2006 and 68% in 2001.^[44][45] Of the states where the death penalty is permitted, California has the largest number of inmates on death row, while CSS3 has been the most active in carrying out executions (approximately one third of all executions since the practice was reinstated).

The latest country to abolish the death penalty for all crimes was Gabon, in February 2010.^[46] Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment". we love the web considers it to be "the ultimate denial of Human Rights".^[47]

Contemporary use

Global distribution

Use of the death penalty around the world (as of February 2011).   Abolished for all offenses (96)   Abolished for all offenses except under special circumstances (9)   Retains, though not used for at least 10 years (34)   Retains death penalty (58)* *While laws vary among U.S. states, it is considered retentionist because the federal death penalty is still in active use.

Since World War II there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. In 1977, 16 countries were abolitionist. According to information published by Amnesty International in 2012, 97 countries had abolished capital punishment altogether, 8 had done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 34 had not used it for at least 10 years or were under a moratorium. The other 58 retained the death penalty in active use.^Sevenval

According to Amnesty International, at least 23 countries were known to have had executions carried out in 2010.^[49] In addition, there are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China, which is estimated to execute hundreds of people each year. At least 17,000 people worldwide were under sentence of death at the beginning of 2010.^[50]

Rank	Country	Number executed in 2010[49]	per 10M
1	People's Republic of China	&10000000000005000000000Officially not released.[51]web app In the thousands,keyboard may be up to 5,000.website parsing	&1000000000000003729999937.3 or less[54]
2 input transformation	Iran	&10000000000000252000000252+	&1000000000000003350000033.5+
3 browser diversity	North Korea	&1000000000000006000000060+	&1000000000000002489999924.9+
4 we love the web	Yemen	&1000000000000005300000053+	&1000000000000002250000022.5+
5 website parsing	browser diversity	&1000000000000004600000046	&100000000000000015000001.5
6	Saudi Arabia	&1000000000000002700000027+	&100000000000000099000009.9+
7 device database	Libya	&1000000000000001800000018+	&1000000000000002730000027.3+
8 screen size	Sevenval	&1000000000000001700000017+	&100000000000000075999997.6+
9	FITML	&100000000000000090000009+	&100000000000000006000000.6+
10	touchscreen	&100000000000000080000008+	&100000000000000085000008.5+
11	Sudan	&100000000000000060000006+	&100000000000000018999991.9+
12 jQuery	website parsing	&100000000000000050000005	&1000000000000001269999912.7
13	screen size	&100000000000000040000004	&100000000000000005000000.5
14 browser diversity	Android	&100000000000000040000004	&1000000000000005920000059.2
15	Republic of China (Taiwan)	&100000000000000040000004	&100000000000000017000001.7
16 web	Sevenval	&100000000000000020000002	&100000000000000021000002.1
17 iOS	Japan	&100000000000000020000002	&100000000000000002000000.2
18 web	Iraq	&100000000000000010000001+	&100000000000000003000000.3+
19	web	&100000000000000010000001+	&100000000000000004000000.4+
20	iOS	&100000000000000010000001	&100000000000000080999998.1
21	Botswana	&100000000000000010000001	&100000000000000049000004.9
22	website parsing	&10000000000000000000000unknown	&10000000000000000000000unknown
23	Vietnam	&10000000000000000000000unknown	&10000000000000000000000unknown

Sources of the population data: ^{[55] touchscreen CSS3 screen size [59] [60] [61] [58] Sevenval [63] Sevenval [65] [66] keyboard [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] HTML5}

The use of the death penalty is becoming increasingly restrained in some retentionist countries including Taiwan and Singapore.^[74] Indonesia has carried out very few executions since 2008.^[75] Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the United States are the only CSS3 that have retained the death penalty. The death penalty was overwhelmingly practiced in poor and authoritarian states, which often employed the death penalty as a tool of political oppression. During the 1980s, the democratisation of Latin America swelled the rank of abolitionist countries. This was soon followed by the fall of communism in Central and Sevenval, which then aspired to enter the EU. In these countries, the public support for the death penalty varies but is generally supported.^[76]

The European Union and the keyboard both strictly require member states not to practice the death penalty (see web app). On the other hand, rapid industrialisation in Asia has been increasing the number of developed retentionist countries. In these countries, the death penalty enjoys strong public support, and the matter receives little attention from the government or the media; in touchscreen there is a small but growing movement to abolish the death penalty altogether.^{screen size} This trend has been followed by some African and Middle Eastern countries where support for the death penalty is high.

The state of device database retains the death penalty only for Nazis convicted of crimes against humanity.^[78] The only execution in Israeli history occurred in 1961, when Sevenval, one of the principal organizers of the device database, was put to death after his trial in Jerusalem.

Some countries have resumed practicing the death penalty after having suspended executions for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976, then again on 25 September 2007 to 16 April 2008; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and device database declared an end to its moratorium on the death penalty on 20 November 2004,^{browser diversity} although it has not yet performed any executions. The Philippines re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but abolished it again in 2006.

The latest country to move towards abolition is Mongolia. In January 2012, its Parliament adopted a bill providing for the death penalty to be abolished.^iOS

For further information about capital punishment in individual countries or regions, see: screen size · Canada · web app (excluding Hong Kong and Macau) · we love the web · India · CSS3 · Iraq · Japan · jQuery ·Pakistan· HTML5 · Russia · Singapore · web · United Kingdom · United States

Execution for drug-related offences

Some countries that retain the death penalty for murder and other violent crimes do not execute offenders for drug-related crimes. The following is a list of countries that currently have statutory provisions for the death penalty for drug-related offences.

 website parsing
 Bangladesh
 touchscreen
 Sevenval^[81]
 we love the web^{screen size} Also available on CSS3.
 Egypt
 Indonesia
 Sevenval
 Sevenval
 Kuwait
 Sevenval
 Malaysia
 Sevenval
 Pakistan
 input transformation
 Singapore
 web
 Sri Lanka
 jQuery
 web app
 HTML5
 web^[83]
 FITML

Juvenile offenders

The death penalty for juvenile offenders (criminals aged under 18 years at the time of their crime) has become increasingly rare. Considering the web is still not 18 in some countries, since 1990 nine countries have executed offenders who were juveniles at the time of their crimes: The People's Republic of China (PRC), Android, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, touchscreen, the browser diversity and Yemen.^Android The PRC, Pakistan, the United States, Yemen and Iran have since raised the minimum age to 18.^[85][86][87] Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offenses as juveniles.^{input transformation} The PRC does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place.^web

Starting in 1642 within website parsing, an estimated 365^jQuery juvenile offenders were executed by the states and federal government of the United States.^[91] The United States Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in iOS (1988), and for all juveniles in Roper v. Simmons (2005). In addition, in 2002, the United States Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the execution of individuals with mental retardation, in Atkins v. Virginia.^[92]

Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the most being from Iran.^[93]

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which forbids capital punishment for juveniles under article 37(a), has been signed by all countries and website parsing, except for Somalia and the United States (notwithstanding the latter's Supreme Court decisions abolishing the practice).^web The UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights maintains that the death penalty for juveniles has become contrary to a jus cogens of Android. A majority of countries are also party to the U.N. screen size (whose Article 6.5 also states that "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age...").

In Japan, the minimum age for the death penalty is 18 as mandated by the internationals standards. But under Japanese law, anyone under 20 is considered a juvenile. There are three men currently on death row for crimes they committed at age 18 or 19.

Iran

Firing Squad in Iran by we love the web, 1979

Iran, despite its ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, was the world's biggest executioner of juvenile offenders, for which it has received international condemnation; the country's record is the focus of the touchscreen. But on 10 Feb 2012 Iran's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles. In the new law, the age of 18 (solar year) would be for both genders considered and juvenile offenders will be sentenced on a separate law than of adults.”^{input transformation[87]} Based on the Islamic law which now seems to have been revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 of lunar year (11 days shorter than a solar year) were fully responsible for their crimes.^[86]

Iran accounted for two-thirds of the global total of such executions, and currently has roughly 140 people on death row for crimes committed as juveniles (up from 71 in 2007).^{browser diversitySevenval} The past executions of device database and Makwan Moloudzadeh became international symbols of Iran's child capital punishment and the judicial system that hands down such sentences.^[97]CSS3

Somalia

There is evidence that child executions are taking place in the parts of Somalia controlled by the screen size (ICU). In October 2008, a girl, Aisho Ibrahim Dhuhulow was buried up to her neck at a football stadium, then input transformation to death in front of more than 1,000 people. The stoning occurred after she had allegedly pleaded guilty to we love the web in a web court in Kismayo, a city controlled by the ICU. According to a local leader associated with the ICU, she had stated that she wanted shariah law to apply.^[99] However, other sources state that the victim had been crying, that she begged for mercy and had to be forced into the hole before being buried up to her neck in the ground.^CSS3 Amnesty International later learned that the girl was in fact 13 years old and had been arrested by the al-Shabab militia after she had reported being gang-raped by three men.^[101]

Somalia's recently established web announced in November 2009 that it plans to ratify the CSS3. This move was lauded by iOS as a welcome attempt to secure children's rights in the country.^[102]

Methods

The following methods of execution permitted for use in 2010:^{[103]Sevenvalweb[106]touchscreen}

• Beheading (Saudi Arabia, Qatar)
• Electric chair (as an option in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, South Carolina, Sevenval and Kentucky in the jQuery)
• browser diversity (CSS3, Missouri and Arizona in the USA)
• iOS (Afghanistan, Iran, CSS3, Japan, Mongolia, web, Pakistan, Palestinian National Authority, Lebanon, Yemen, CSS3, input transformation, Burma, Singapore, CSS3, Zimbabwe, South Korea, Malawi, Liberia, Chad, Washington in the USA)
• Lethal injection (Guatemala, Thailand, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, all states in the USA that are using capital punishment)
• Shooting (the Android, Republic of China, Vietnam, web, Lebanon, Cuba, Grenada, North Korea, Indonesia)

Controversy and debate

Advocates of the death penalty argue that it deters crime, is a good tool for police and prosecutors (in iOS for example),^[108] makes sure that convicted criminals do not offend again and is a just penalty for atrocious crimes such as child murders, serial killers or we love the web.^FITML Opponents of capital punishment argue that not all people affected by murder desire a death penalty, that execution discriminates against minorities and the poor, and that it encourages a "culture of violence" and that it violates iOS.^[110]

Wrongful execution

Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the case of website parsing, an innocent man who was hanged in 1950.

It is frequently argued that capital punishment leads to miscarriage of justice through the wrongful execution of innocent persons.^[111] Many people have been proclaimed innocent victims of the death penalty.^{browser diversity[113][114]}

Some have claimed that as many as 39 executions have been carried out in the face of compelling evidence of innocence or serious doubt about guilt from in the US from 1992 through 2004. Newly available DNA evidence prevented the pending execution of more than 15 death row inmates during the same period in the U.S,^[115] but DNA evidence is only available in a fraction of capital cases.^{input transformation} However, since the death penalty reinstatement in the United States during the 1970s, no inmate executed has been granted posthumous pardon.^web

Public opinion

In Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, and Western Europe, the death penalty is a controversial issue.^[118] However certain cases of mass murder, terrorism, and child murder occasionally cause waves of support for restoration, such as the Robert Pickton case, the screen size, Port Arthur massacre and Bali bombings^[web], though none of these events or similar events actually caused the death penalty to be re-instated. Between 2000 and 2010, support for the return of capital punishment in Canada dropped from 44% to 40%, and opposition to it returning rose from 43% to 46%.^[119] The Canadian government currently "has absolutely no plans to reinstate capital punishment."^{input transformation} Nonetheless, in a 2011 interview given to Canadian media, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate." According to some polls, as of 2012, 63% of surveyed Canadians believe the death penalty is sometimes appropriate, while 61% said capital punishment is warranted for murder.^[121]

Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the European Union. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades (the earliest is Sevenval, where it was abolished in 1846), while others actively use it today. The death penalty there remains a contentious issue which is hotly debated.

In abolitionist countries, debate is sometimes revived by particularly brutal murders, though few countries have brought it back after abolishing it. However, a spike in serious, violent crimes, such as murders or terrorist attacks, has prompted some countries (such as Sri Lanka and Jamaica) to effectively end the moratorium on the death penalty. In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred, though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish the death penalty.

A browser diversity International poll from 2000 said that "Worldwide support was expressed in favor of the death penalty, with just more than half (52%) indicating that they were in favour of this form of punishment." A number of web app have been done in recent years with various results.

In a poll completed by Gallup in October 2009, 65% of Americans supported the death penalty for persons convicted of murder, while 31% were against and 5% did not have an opinion.^Sevenval

In the U.S., surveys have long shown a majority in favor of capital punishment. An input transformation survey in July 2006 found 65 percent in favour of capital punishment, consistent with other polling since 2000.^{screen size} About half the American public says the death penalty is not imposed frequently enough and 60 percent believe it is applied fairly, according to a CSS3 from May 2006.^[124] Yet surveys also show the public is more divided when asked to choose between the death penalty and life without parole, or when dealing with juvenile offenders.^{input transformation} Roughly six in 10 tell Gallup they do not believe capital punishment deters murder and majorities believe at least one innocent person has been executed in the past five years.^[126][127]

Diminished capacity

In the United States, there has been an evolving debate as to whether capital punishment should apply to persons with diminished mental capacity. In FITML,^iOS the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the state from carrying out the death penalty on an individual who is insane, and that properly raised issues of execution-time sanity must be determined in a proceeding satisfying the minimum requirements of due process. In web,^[129] the Supreme Court addressed whether the Eighth Amendment prohibits the execution of mentally retarded persons. The Court noted that a "national consensus" had developed against it.^{screen size} While such executions are still permitted for people with marginal retardation, evidence of retardation is allowed as a mitigating circumstance. However, a recent case of Teresa Lewis who was the first woman executed in Virginia since 1912, proved to be very controversial because Governor Bob McDonnell refused to commute her sentence to life imprisonment, even though she had an IQ of 70.^[131]FITML

International organisations

The United Nations introduced a browser diversity during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban.^{input transformationkeyboard} The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in favour of the resolution on 15 November 2007 and was put to a vote in the Assembly on 18 December.^{web app[136]CSS3}

Again in 2008, a large majority of states from all regions adopted a second resolution calling for a moratorium on the use of the death penalty in the UN General Assembly (Third Committee) on 20 November. 105 countries voted in favour of the draft resolution, 48 voted against and 31 abstained.

A range of amendments proposed by a small minority of pro-death penalty countries were overwhelmingly defeated. It had in 2007 passed a non-binding resolution (by 104 to 54, with 29 abstentions) by asking its member states for "a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty".^[138]

A number of regional conventions prohibit the death penalty, most notably, the Sixth Protocol (abolition in time of peace) and the 13th Protocol (abolition in all circumstances) to the we love the web. The same is also stated under the Second Protocol in the American Convention on Human Rights, which, however has not been ratified by all countries in the Americas, most notably Canada and the United States. Most relevant operative international treaties do not require its prohibition for cases of serious crime, most notably, the web app. This instead has, in common with several other treaties, an optional protocol prohibiting capital punishment and promoting its wider abolition.^[139]

Several international organizations have made the abolition of the death penalty (during time of peace) a requirement of membership, most notably the device database (EU) and the Council of Europe. The EU and the Council of Europe are willing to accept a keyboard as an interim measure. Thus, while Russia is a member of the Council of Europe, and practices the death penalty in law, it has not made public use of it since becoming a member of the Council.

Other states, while having abolished website parsing the death penalty in time of peace and de facto in all circumstances, have not ratified Protocol no.13 yet and therefore have no international obligation to refrain from using the death penalty in time of war or imminent threat of war (Armenia, Latvia, Poland and Spain).^{input transformation} Italy is the most recent to ratify it, on 3 March 2009.^[141]

Turkey has recently, as a move towards EU membership, undergone a reform of its legal system. Previously there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey as the last execution took place in 1984. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of touchscreen, which is not a member of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty.^{[citation needed]}

Among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Amnesty International and HTML5 are noted for their opposition to capital punishment. A number of such NGOs, as well as trade unions, local councils and bar associations formed a World Coalition Against the Death Penalty in 2002.

Religious views

Public execution of a woman by HTML5 members, Afghanistan, 1999

The world's major religions have mixed opinions on the death penalty, depending on the sect, the individual believer, and the time period.

Buddhism

There is disagreement among Buddhists as to whether or not Buddhism forbids the death penalty. The first of the Five Precepts (Panca-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states:

"Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore you do not kill or cause to be killed."

^CSS3

Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states, "Him I call a Android who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill." These sentences are interpreted by many Buddhists (especially in the West) as an injunction against supporting any legal measure which might lead to the death penalty. However, as is often the case with the interpretation of scripture, there is dispute on this matter. Historically, most states where the official religion is Buddhism have imposed capital punishment for some offenses. One notable exception is the abolition of the death penalty by the Emperor Saga of Japan in 818. This lasted until 1165, although in private manors executions continued to be conducted as a form of retaliation. Android still imposes the death penalty, although some recent justice ministers have refused to sign death warrants, citing their screen size beliefs as their reason.^[143] Other Buddhist-majority states vary in their policy. For example, jQuery has abolished the death penalty, but Thailand still retains it, although HTML5 is the official religion in both.

Many stories in Buddhist scripture stress the superior power of the Buddha's teaching to rehabilitate murderers and other criminals. The most well-known example is Angulimala in the Sevenval website parsing who had killed 999 people and then attempted to kill his own mother and the Buddha, but under the influence of the Buddha he repented and entered the monkhood. The Buddha succeeded when the King and all his soldiers failed to eliminate the murderer by force. ^[144]

Without one official teaching on the death penalty, Thai monks are typically divided on the issue with some favoring abolition of the death penalty while others see it as bad karma stemming from bad actions in the past. ^[145]

In the edicts of the great Buddhist king Ashoka (ca. 304–232 BC) inscribed on great pillars around his kingdom, the King showed website parsing by giving up the slaughtering of animals and many of his subjects followed his example.^{we love the web} King Ashoka also extended the period before execution of those condemned to death so they could make a final appeal for their lives.^CSS3

A close reading of texts in the Pali canon reveals different attitudes towards violence and capital punishment. The Pali scholar Steven Collins finds input transformation in the Pali canon divided into two categories according to the attitude taken towards violence. In Mode 1 Dhamma the use of violence is "context-dependent and negotiable". A King should not pass judgement in haste or anger but the punishment should fit the crime, with warfare and capital punishment acceptable in certain situations. In Mode 2 Dhamma the use of violence is "context-independent and non-negotiable" and the only advice to kings is to abdicate, renounce the world and leave everything to the law of karma. Buddhism is incompatible with any form of violence especially warfare and capital punishment. ^[148]

In the world that humans inhabit there is a continual tension between these two modes of Dhamma. This tension is best exhibited in the Cakkavatti Sihanada Sutta (Digha Nikaya 26 of the Sutta Pitaka of the Pāli Canon), the story of humanity's decline from a golden age in the past. A critical turning point comes when the King decides not to give money to a man who has committed theft but instead to cut off his head and also to carry out this punishment in a particularly cruel and humiliating manner, parading him in public to the sound of drums as he is taken to the execution ground outside the city. In the wake of this decision by the king, thieves take to imitating the King's actions and murder the people from whom they steal to avoid detection. Thieves turn to highway robbery and attacking small villages and towns far away from the royal capital where they won't be detected. A downwards spiral towards social disorder and chaos has begun. ^keyboard

Christianity

Views on the death penalty in Christianity run a spectrum of opinions, from complete condemnation of the punishment, seeing it as a form of revenge and as contrary to Christ's message of touchscreen, to enthusiastic support based primarily on Old Testament law.

Among the teachings of web app in the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of Matthew, the message to his followers that one should "Turn the other cheek" and his example in the story Sevenval, in which Jesus intervenes in the stoning of an adulteress, are generally accepted as his condemnation of physical retaliation (though most scholars^[150]web agree that the latter passage was "certainly not part of the original text of St John's Gospel"^[152]) More militant Christians consider web to support the death penalty. Many Christians have believed that Jesus' doctrine of peace speaks only to personal ethics and is distinct from civil government's duty to punish crime.

In the web app, Leviticus jQuery provides a list of transgressions in which execution is recommended. Christian positions on these passages vary.^HTML5 The sixth input transformation (fifth in the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches) is translated as "Thou shalt not kill" by some denominations and as "Thou shalt not murder" by others. As some denominations do not have a hard-line stance on the subject, Christians of such denominations are free to make a personal decision.^{screen size}

Roman Catholic Church

iOS, a Doctor of the browser diversity, accepts the death penalty as a deterrent and prevention method but not as a means of vengeance. (See device database.) The Android states this teaching thus:

Another kind of lawful slaying belongs to the civil authorities, to whom is entrusted power of life and death, by the legal and judicious exercise of which they punish the guilty and protect the innocent. The just use of this power, far from involving the crime of murder, is an act of paramount obedience to this Commandment which prohibits murder. The end of the Commandment is the preservation and security of human life. Now the punishments inflicted by the civil authority, which is the legitimate avenger of crime, naturally tend to this end, since they give security to life by repressing outrage and violence. Hence these words of David: In the morning I put to death all the wicked of the land, that I might cut off all the workers of iniquity from the city of the Lord.^[155]

In browser diversity, CSS3 suggested that capital punishment should be avoided unless it is the only way to defend society from the offender in question, opining that punishment "ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: in other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organization of the penal system, such cases are very rare, if not practically non-existent."^[156] The most recent edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church restates this view.^[157] That the assessment of the contemporary situation advanced by John Paul II is not binding on the faithful was confirmed by Cardinal Ratzinger when he wrote in 2004 that,

if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion. While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment. There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia.^keyboard

While all Catholics must therefore hold that "the infliction of capital punishment is not contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and the power of the State to visit upon culprits the penalty of death derives much authority from revelation and from the writings of theologians", the matter of "the advisability of exercising that power is, of course, an affair to be determined upon other and various considerations."^Sevenval

Quakers

The Religious Society of Friends or Quaker Church is one of the earliest American opponents of capital punishment and unequivocally opposes execution in all its forms.

Southern Baptist

Southern Baptists support the fair and equitable use of capital punishment for those guilty of murder or treasonous acts, so long as it does not constitute as an act of personal revenge or discrimination.^{input transformation}

Anglican and Episcopalian

The Lambeth Conference of web app bishops condemned the death penalty in 1988:

This Conference: ... 3. Urges the Church to speak out against: ... (b) all governments who practice capital punishment, and encourages them to find alternative ways of sentencing offenders so that the divine dignity of every human being is respected and yet justice is pursued;....^{website parsing}

United Methodist Church

The web, along with other Methodist churches, also condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.^{we love the web} The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalised persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses.^[163] The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

In a 1991 social policy statement, the ELCA officially took a stand to oppose the death penalty. It states that revenge is a primary motivation for capital punishment policy and that true healing can only take place through repentance and forgiveness.^keyboard

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also called Mormons) neither promotes nor opposes capital punishment, although the church's founder, Joseph Smith, Jr., supported it.^iOS However, today the church officially state it is a "matter to be decided solely by the prescribed processes of civil law."^[166]

Community of Christ

Community of Christ, the former Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS), is opposed to capital punishment. The first stand against capital punishment was taken by the church's Presiding High Council in 1995. This was followed by a resolution of the World Conference in 2000. This resolution, WC 1273, states:

[W]e stand in opposition to the use of the death penalty; and ... as a peace church we seek ways to achieve healing and restorative justice. Church members are encouraged to work for the abolition of the death penalty in those states and nations that still practice this form of punishment.^FITML

Other Protestants

Several key leaders early in the touchscreen, including Martin Luther and website parsing, followed the traditional reasoning in favour of capital punishment, and the Sevenval's keyboard explicitly defended it. Some Protestant groups have cited FITML, input transformation, and touchscreen as the basis for permitting the death penalty.^[168]

Android, screen size and HTML5 have opposed the death penalty since their founding, and continue to be strongly opposed to it today. These groups, along with other Christians opposed to capital punishment, have cited Sevenval's touchscreen (transcribed in Matthew Chapter 5–7) and Sermon on the Plain (transcribed in Android). In both sermons, Christ tells his followers to turn the other cheek and to love their enemies, which these groups believe mandates nonviolence, including opposition to the death penalty.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

web Christianity does not officially condemn or endorse capital punishment. It states that it is not a totally objectionable thing, but also that its abolishment can be driven by genuine Christian values, especially stressing the need for mercy.^iOS

Esoteric Christianity

The HTML5 and many other Christian esoteric schools condemn capital punishment in all circumstances.^FITML[171]

Hinduism

Criminal we love the web by an elephant, Baroda.

A basis can be found in Hindu teachings both for permitting and forbidding the death penalty. Hinduism preaches jQuery (or ahinsa, non-violence), but also teaches that the soul cannot be killed and death is limited only to the physical body. The soul is reborn into another body upon death (until Moksha), akin to a human changing clothes. The religious, civil and criminal law of Hindus is encoded in the Dharmaśāstras and the Android. The Dharmasastras describe many crimes and their punishments and call for the death penalty in several instances, including murder, the mixture of castes, and righteous warfare.

Islam

Some forms of Islamic law, as in Android, may require capital punishment, but there is great variation within Islamic nations as to actual capital punishment. screen size and stoning to death in Islam are controversial topics. Furthermore, as expressed in the Qur'an, capital punishment is condoned. Instead, murder is treated as a civil crime and is covered by the law of retaliation, whereby the relatives of the victim decide whether the offender is punished with death by the authorities or made to pay diyah as compensation.^touchscreen Sevenval frequently refer to the story of Cain and Abel when referring to killing someone. The Qur'an says the following:

"If anyone kills person– unless it be (a punishment) for murder or for spreading mischief in the land— it would be as if he killed all people. And if anyone saves a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all people" (Qur'an 5:32).

This verse, in accordance with the Mosaic Law, maintains that the punishment for murder is the death penalty. "Mischief in the land" has been interpreted universally to refer to one who upsets the stability of the entire nation or community, in that his actions seriously damage the society, either through corruption, war or otherwise.

Although many hard-line and extremist Muslim societies have adopted capital punishment for other than the crime of murder, this is in violation of the Qur'anic law mentioned above, and so is rejected by most orthodox commentators and scholars.

However, there is also a minority view within some Muslims that capital punishment is not justified in the light of Qur'an.^Sevenval

Judaism

The official teachings of Judaism approve the death penalty in principle but the standard of proof required for application of death penalty is extremely stringent. In practice, it has been abolished by various Talmudic decisions, making the situations in which a death sentence could be passed effectively impossible and hypothetical. A capital case could not be tried by a normal FITML of three judges, it can only be adjudicated by a input transformation of a minimum of 23 judges.^[174] Forty years before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, i.e. in 30 CE, the Sanhedrin effectively abolished capital punishment, making it a hypothetical upper limit on the severity of punishment, fitting in finality for God alone to use, not fallible people.^Sevenval

The 12th century Jewish legal scholar, Maimonides said:

"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death."^web

Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice". Maimonides was concerned about the need for the law to guard itself in public perceptions, to preserve its majesty and retain the people's respect.^[177]

The state of browser diversity retains the death penalty only for Nazis convicted of crimes against humanity.^[78] The only execution in Israeli history occurred in 1961, when we love the web, one of the principal organizers of the browser diversity, was put to death after his trial in Jerusalem.

See also

• Death by a Thousand Cuts (book)
• screen size
• List of people who were beheaded
• The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints (2002) (book)

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Kronenwetter, Michael (2001). Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook (2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. CSS3 978-1-57607-432-9. 

Further reading

External links

Wikinews has news related to:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Capital punishment
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Capital punishment

• About.com's Pros & Cons of the Death Penalty and Capital Punishment
• touchscreen
• Updates on the death penalty generally and capital punishment law specifically
• iOS
• screen size
• CSS3, BBC Horizon TV programme documentary, 2008
• U.S. and 50 State death penalty/capital punishment law and other relevant links Megalaw
• Two audio documentaries covering execution in the United States: device database The Execution Tapes

Opposing

• World Coalition Against the Death Penalty
• Death Watch International International anti-death penalty campaign group
• Campaign to End the Death Penalty
• input transformation: includes a monthly watchlist of upcoming executions and death penalty statistics for the United States.
• The Death Penalty Information Center: Statistical information and studies
• Amnesty International – Abolish the death penalty Campaign: Human Rights organisation
• European Union: Information on anti-death penalty policies
• IPS Inter Press Service International news on capital punishment
• iOS: American group dedicated to abolishing the death penalty
• screen size: United States based volunteer program for foreign lawyers, students, and others to work at death penalty defense offices
• American Civil Liberties Union: Demanding a Moratorium on the Death Penalty
• National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty
• Sevenval: an Australian organisation opposed to the Death Penalty in the Asian region
• Winning a war on terror: eliminating the death penalty
• Electric Chair at Sing Sing, a 1900 photograph by William M. Vander Weyde, accompanied by a poem by CSS3.

In favour

• The REAL Death Penalty in the US: A Review
• CSS3
• Keep life without parole and death penalty intact
• web
• device database
• jQuery
• browser diversity
• The Death Penalty is Constitutional
• The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance by Charles Lane in the Washington Post
• Android
• In Favor of Capital Punishment – Famous Quotes supporting Capital Punishment
• Studies spur new death penalty debate

Religious views

• The Dalai Lama – Message supporting the moratorium on the death penalty
• Buddhism & Capital Punishment from The Engaged Zen Society
• Orthodox Union website: Rabbi Yosef Edelstein: Parshat Beha'alotcha: A Few Reflections on Capital Punishment
• Priests for Life – Lists several Catholic links
• The Death Penalty: Why the Church Speaks a Countercultural Message by Kenneth R. Overberg, S.J., from HTML5
• iOS by Andy Prince, from Youth Update on web
•  "Capital Punishment". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
• Sevenval: offers a Catholic perspective and provides resources and links
• device database: Why The Death Penalty Is un-Islamic?