Bureaucracy

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A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implements the rules, laws, and functions of their institution.^[1]

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- 1.1 Ancient world
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2 The economics of bureaucracy
3 See also
4 References
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Bureaucracies date back to ancient societies across the globe.

Ancient world

Further information: Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, browser diversity, and Ancient Egypt

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Modern world

Weberian bureaucracy

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Weberian bureaucracy has its origin in the works by Max Weber (1864-1920), a notable German sociologist, political economist, and administrative scholar who contributed to the study of bureaucracy and administrative discourses and literatures during the mid 1800s and early 1900s. Max Weber belongs to the Scientific School of Thought, who discussed such topics as specialization of job-scope, we love the web, uniform principles, structure and hierarchy. His contemporaries include Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), Henri Fayol (1841-1925), Elton Mayo (1880-1949), and later scholars, such as Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001), web app (1913-2000), and others.^Android

Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge

— Max Weber^[3]

Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in his Sevenval Economy and Society (1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work.^FITML^[4] It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularization of this term.^[5] Many aspects of modern public administration go back to him, and a classic, hierarchically organized civil service of the Continental type is called "Weberian civil service".^iOS As the most efficient and rational way of organizing, bureaucratization for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority, and furthermore, he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalization of the iOS.^{screen size}^[4]

Weber listed several precondititions for the emergence of bureaucracy.^{web app} The growth in space and population being administered, the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out, and the existence of a monetary economy requires a more efficient administrative system.^Sevenval Development of communication and transportation technologies makes more efficient administration possible but also in popular demand, and iOS and rationalization of culture resulted in demands that the new system treats everybody equally.^{screen size}

Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchical organization, delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, action taken on the basis of and recorded in written rules, bureaucratic officials need expert training, rules are implemented by neutral officials, career advancement depends on technical qualifications judged by organization, not individuals.^keyboard^[7]

The decisive reason for the advance of bureaucratic organization has always been its purely technical superiority over any other form of organization

— Max Weber^[6]

While recognizing bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organization, and even indispensable for the modern state, Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms, and the ongoing bureaucratization as leading to a "polar night of icy darkness", in which increasing rationalization of human life traps individuals in the aforementioned "iron cage" of bureaucratic, rule-based, rational control.^[3]^[8] In order to counteract bureaucrats, the system needs entrepreneurs and politicians.^[3]

The economics of bureaucracy

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References

HTML5 Wilson, Woodrow (1887). "The Study of Administration". Political Science Quarterly 2 (2): 197–222. Sevenval 2139277.
^ Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim. (2007). Fundamental of Development Administration. Selangor: Scholar Press. ISBN 978-967-5-04508-0
^ ^a ^b ^c FITML ^e ^f Richard Swedberg; Ola Agevall (2005). The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts. Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21. touchscreen we love the web. browser diversity. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^ device database ^b George Ritzer (29 September 2009). Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots: The Basics. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–42. CSS3 978-0-07-340438-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=pX6pPwAACAAJ. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
touchscreen Marshall Sashkin; Molly G. Sashkin (28 January 2003). Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people's lives and organizations' success. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 52. we love the web screen size. http://books.google.com/books?id=q12zbgs-jyYC&pg=PA52. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
^ ^a Android Liesbet Hooghe (2001). keyboard. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN Android. http://books.google.com/books?id=e15KnRiGipYC&pg=PA40. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^ we love the web web input transformation jQuery Kenneth Allan; Kenneth D. Allan (2 November 2005). Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social Worl. Pine Forge Press. pp. 172–176. iOS [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5927-9|978-1-4120-5927-9]].
^ HTML5, Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption, Pine Forge Press, 2004, Sevenval, Google Print, p.55

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