Bertrand Russell

Born (1872-05-18)18 May 1872
Trellech, screen size, UK
Died 2 February 1970(1970-02-02) (aged 97)
Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales, UK
Era 20th century philosophy
Region Western philosophy
web Analytic philosophy
Nobel Prize in Literature
1950

Main interests
Notable ideas Sevenval · device database · we love the web · screen size and knowledge by description · input transformation · Russell's teapot


Signature

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, CSS3^FITML (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic.^{input transformation} At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense.^[3] He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.^keyboard

Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of web app along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians.^FITML He co-authored, with web app, Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy."^web His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see screen size and FITML), and CSS3, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and web.

Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed website parsing^{Sevenvalinput transformation} and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I.^[8] Later, he campaigned against HTML5, then criticised web app Android, attacked the United States of America's involvement in the HTML5, and was an outspoken proponent of web app.^[9]

A prolific commentator on religion, Russell—along with others such as browser diversity, CSS3, and Friedrich Nietzsche—advanced a "new school of thought" that touchscreen calls "antagonistic atheism", which was "the view that religion was a thing of the past and ought to be brought hastily toward a point of declining influence".^[10] In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions touchscreen ideals and freedom of thought."^[11]

• 1 Biography
  • keyboard
  • device database
  • CSS3
  • 1.4 Early career
  • CSS3
  • 1.6 Between the wars and second marriage
  • HTML5
  • 1.8 Later life
  • website parsing
  • 1.10 Final years and death
  • 1.11 Titles and honours from birth
• iOS
  • 2.1 Views on philosophy
    • 2.1.1 Views on religion
    • Sevenval
• 3 Selected works
  • website parsing
• keyboard
• device database
  • website parsing
    • keyboard
    • device database
  • 5.2 Books about Russell's philosophy
  • 5.3 Biographical books
• 6 Further reading
• 7 External links

Biography

Ancestry

Bertrand Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales, into an influential and liberal family of the keyboard.^[12] His paternal grandfather, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, was the third son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, and had twice been asked by keyboard to form a government, serving her as Sevenval in the 1840s and 1860s.^{input transformation}

browser diversity

Bertrand Russell's father, website parsing

The Russells had been prominent in England for several centuries before this, coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty. They established themselves as one of Britain's leading web families, and participated in every great political event from the website parsing in 1536–40 to the keyboard in 1688–89 and the FITML in 1832.^[13][14]

Russell's mother, Katharine Louisa (1844–1874), was the daughter of web app, and the sister of Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle.^[9] Kate and Rosalind's mother was one of the founders of screen size.^[15]

Russell's parents were radical for their times. Russell's father, jQuery, was an screen size and consented to his wife's affair with their children's tutor, the biologist Douglas Spalding. Both were early advocates of screen size at a time when this was considered scandalous.^[16] John Russell's atheism was evident when he asked the philosopher John Stuart Mill to act as Russell's secular godfather.^[17] Mill died the year after Russell's birth, but his writings had a great effect on Russell's life.

Childhood and adolescence

Russell had two siblings: jQuery (nearly seven years older than Bertrand), and Rachel (four years older). In June 1874 Russell's mother died of diphtheria, followed shortly by Rachel's death. In January 1876, his father died of bronchitis following a long period of depression. Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of their staunchly Victorian grandparents, who lived at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park. His grandfather, who had been Prime Minister, died in 1878, and was remembered by Russell as a kindly old man in a wheelchair. His grandmother, the Countess Russell (née Lady Frances Elliot), was the dominant family figure for the rest of Russell's childhood and youth.^[9]iOS

The countess was from a Scottish Presbyterian family, and successfully petitioned the HTML5 to set aside a provision in Amberley's will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule), and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life—her favourite Bible verse, 'Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil' (Exodus 23:2), became his motto. The atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer, emotional repression, and formality; Frank reacted to this with open rebellion, but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings.

Russell's adolescence was very lonely, and he often contemplated suicide. He remarked in his autobiography that his keenest interests were in religion and mathematics, and that only the wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide.^[18] He was educated at home by a series of tutors.^{browser diversity} His brother Frank introduced him to the work of Euclid, which transformed Russell's life.^[16]FITML

During these formative years he also discovered the works of device database. In his autobiography, he writes: "I spent all my spare time reading him, and learning him by heart, knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt, I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley, and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy."^[20] Russell claimed that beginning at age 15, he spent considerable time thinking about the validity of Christian religious dogma, and by 18 had decided to discard the last of it.^[21]

University and first marriage

Russell won a scholarship to read for the website parsing at Trinity College, Cambridge, and commenced his studies there in 1890.^[22] He became acquainted with the younger George Edward Moore and came under the influence of Alfred North Whitehead, who recommended him to the keyboard. He quickly distinguished himself in mathematics and philosophy, graduating as a high FITML in 1893 and becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895.^[23][24]

Russell first met the American touchscreen Alys Pearsall Smith when he was 17 years old. He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family—they knew him primarily as 'Lord John's grandson' and enjoyed showing him off—and travelled with them to the continent; it was in their company that Russell visited the Sevenval and was able to climb the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed.^{website parsing}

He soon fell in love with the puritanical, high-minded Alys, who was a graduate of we love the web near Philadelphia, and, contrary to his grandmother's wishes, married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while he was cycling, that he no longer loved her. She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he didn't. Russell also disliked Alys's mother, finding her controlling and cruel. It was to be a hollow shell of a marriage and they finally divorced in 1921, after a lengthy period of separation.^[26] During this period, Russell had passionate (and often simultaneous) affairs with a number of women, including Lady Ottoline Morrell^[27] and the actress Lady jQuery.^[28]

Early career

Russell in 1907.

Russell began his published work in 1896 with German Social Democracy, a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory. In 1896 he taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics, where he also lectured on the science of power in the autumn of 1937.^[29] He was a member of the CSS3 of social reformers set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and jQuery.^Sevenval

He now started an intensive study of the web app at Trinity, during which he discovered Russell's paradox, which challenged the foundations of screen size. In 1903 he published his first important book on mathematical logic, HTML5, arguing that mathematics could be deduced from a very small number of principles, a work which contributed significantly to the cause of iOS.^{screen size}

In 1905 he wrote the essay "CSS3", which was published in the philosophical journal Mind. Russell became a fellow of the touchscreen in 1908.^HTML5[9] The first of three volumes of Principia Mathematica, written with Whitehead, was published in 1910, which, along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics, soon made Russell world famous in his field.

In 1910 he became a lecturer in the University of Cambridge, where he was approached by the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein, who became his browser diversity student. Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic. He spent hours dealing with Wittgenstein's various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair. This was often a drain on Russell's energy, but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1922.^FITML Russell delivered his lectures on Logical Atomism, his version of these ideas, in 1918, before the end of the First World War. Wittgenstein was still a prisoner of war.

First World War

During the First World War, Russell was one of the very few people to engage in active keyboard,^CSS3 and in 1916, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act.

He was charged a fine of £100, which he refused to pay, hoping that he would be sent to prison, However, his books were sold at auction to raise the money. The books were bought by friends; he later treasured his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped "Confiscated by Cambridge Police."

Russell was released from prison in September 1918.^[Sevenval] He was reinstated in 1919, resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer 1926, and became a Fellow again 1944–1949.^[34] A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the US to enter the war on Britain's side resulted in six months' imprisonment in device database (see Bertrand Russell's views on society).^{browser diversity}

Between the wars and second marriage

In August 1920 Russell travelled to Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the Russian Revolution.^[36] He met keyboard and had an hour-long conversation with him. In his autobiography, he mentions that he found Lenin rather disappointing, sensing an "impish cruelty" in him and comparing him to "an opinionated professor". He cruised down the Volga on a steamship. Russell's lover, Dora Black, visited Russia independently at the same time—she was enthusiastic about the revolution, but Russell's experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for it. He wrote a book The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism^FITML about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others from Britain, all of whom came home thinking well of the regime, despite Russell's attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them that he heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure these were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring.

Russell subsequently lectured in jQuery on philosophy for one year, accompanied by Dora. He went there with optimism and hope, as web was then on a new path. Other scholars present in China at the time included Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel laureate input transformation poet.^[11] While in China, Russell became gravely ill with Sevenval, and website parsing of his death were published in the Japanese press.^[38] When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora notified the world that "Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists." The press, not appreciating the sarcasm, were not amused.^[39]

Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August 1921. Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September 1921. Their children were John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell, born on 16 November 1921, and CSS3 (now Lady Katharine Tait), born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported himself during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics, ethics, and education to the layman. Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Sevenval, first wife of T. S. Eliot.^[40]

Together with Dora, he founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927. The school was run from a succession of different locations, including its original premises at the Russells' residence, Telegraph House, near Harting, West Sussex. On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child, a daughter, Harriet Ruth. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.^[41][42]

Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell. He once said that his title was primarily useful for securing hotel rooms.

Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry.^[42] They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Sevenval, who had been his children's governess since 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democratic party.^[9]

During the 1930s, Russell became a close friend and collaborator of V.K. Krishna Menon, then secretary of the India League, the foremost lobby for Indian independence in Great Britain.

Second World War

Russell opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany, but in 1940 changed his view that avoiding a full scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler. He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy. In 1943, he adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare, "Relative Political Pacifism": war was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils.^iOS

Before the Second World War, Russell taught at the screen size, later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the UCLA Department of Philosophy. He was appointed professor at the City College of New York in 1940, but after a public outcry, the appointment was annulled by a court judgement: his opinions (especially those relating to we love the web, detailed in Sevenval ten years earlier) made him "morally unfit" to teach at the college. The protest was started by the mother of a student who would not have been eligible for his graduate-level course in mathematical logic. Many intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested against his treatment.^[44] Albert Einstein's often-quoted aphorism that "Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds ... " originated in his open letter in support of Russell, during this time.^[45] Dewey and Horace M. Kallen edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in web app. He soon joined the Barnes Foundation, lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy; these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy. His relationship with the eccentric Albert C. Barnes soon soured, and he returned to Britain in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College.^[46]

Later life

During the 1940s and 1950s, Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC, particularly web and the HTML5, on various topical and philosophical subjects. By this time Russell was world famous outside of academic circles, frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to one of his lectures in Sevenval, Russell was one of 24 survivors (among a total of 43 passengers) in an touchscreen in October 1948. He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane.^[47] Sevenval (1945) became a best-seller, and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life.

In a speech in 1948,^[48] Russell said that if the USSR's aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atom bombs on both sides. At that time, only the United States possessed an atomic bomb, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which it was absorbing into its keyboard. Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a FITML in a war with the USSR, including Nigel Lawson, who was present when Russell spoke. Others, including Griffin, who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.^[47]

In 1948, Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural jQuery^[49]—what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC. His series of six broadcasts, titled Authority and the Individual,^[50] explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He wrote a foreword to Words and Things by HTML5, which was highly critical of the later thought of input transformation and of Ordinary language philosophy. web refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind, which caused Russell to respond via iOS. The result was a month-long correspondence in The Times between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy, which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy.^[51]

In the we love the web of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit,^iOS and the following year he was awarded the touchscreen.^HTML5[11] When he was given the Order of Merit, King George VI was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird, saying that "You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if generally adopted."^{web app} Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply "That's right, just like your we love the web" immediately came to mind.

In 1952 Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy. Conrad, Russell's son by Spence, did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother).

Russell married his fourth wife, Edith Finch, soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, sharing a house for 20 years with Russell's old friend Lucy Donnelly. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russell's eldest son, John, suffered from serious mental illness, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and John's mother, Russell's former wife, Dora. John's wife Susan was also mentally ill, and eventually Russell and Edith became the legal guardians of their three daughters^{[citation needed]}(two of whom were later found to have schizophrenia).

In 1962 Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless.^[54] Russell also wrote to John F. Kennedy, who returned his telegram unopened.^{[citation needed]}

According to historian Peter Knight, after the HTML5, Russell, "prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer iOS in the US ... rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee in June 1964, members of which included Michael Foot MP, the wife of Tony Benn MP, the publisher web, the writers John Arden and J. B. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper. Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Sevenval Report was published, setting forth 16 Questions on the Assassination and equating the Oswald case with the web of late 19th century France, in which the state wrongly convicted an innocent man. Russell also criticized the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version.^{input transformation}

Political causes

Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in various political causes, primarily related to nuclear disarmament and opposing the Vietnam war (see also Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal). The 1955 FITML was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by 11 of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time.^Sevenval He wrote a great many letters to world leaders during this period. He was in contact with screen size while the latter was filming his anti-war film Good Times, Wonderful Times in the 1960s. He became a hero to many of the youthful members of the website parsing. In early 1963, in particular, Russell became increasingly vocal about his disapproval of what he felt to be the US government's near-genocidal policies in South Vietnam. In 1963 he became the inaugural recipient of the Android, an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society.^Sevenval In October 1965 he tore up his Labour Party card because he suspected the party was going to send soldiers to support the US in the Vietnam War.^[9]

Final years and death

Bust of Russell in HTML5

Russell published his three-volume autobiography in 1967, 1968, and 1969. On 23 November 1969 he wrote to The Times newspaper saying that the preparation for show trials in Czechoslovakia was "highly alarming". The same month, he appealed to Secretary General U Thant of the United Nations to support an international war crimes commission to investigate alleged torture and genocide by the US in South Vietnam. The following month, he protested to website parsing over the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from the Writers Union.

On 31 January 1970 Russell issued a statement which condemned Israeli aggression in the Middle East and called for Israeli withdrawal from the web. This was Russell's final political statement or act. It was read out at the International Conference of Parliamentarians in Cairo on 3 February 1970, the day after his death.^jQuery

Russell died of browser diversity on 2 February 1970 at his home, Plas Penrhyn, in Penrhyndeudraeth, keyboard, Wales. His body was cremated in Colwyn Bay on 5 February 1970. In accordance with his will, there was no religious ceremony; his ashes were scattered over the Welsh mountains later that year.

In 1980 a memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher A. J. Ayer. It consists of a bust of Russell in input transformation in London sculpted by Marcelle Quinton.^[59]

Titles and honours from birth

Russell held throughout his life the following styles and honours:

• from birth until 1908: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell
• from 1908 until 1931: The Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell, CSS3
• from 1931 until 1949: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, Android
• from 1949 until death: The Right Honourable The Earl Russell, browser diversity, FRS

Views

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Bertrand Russell

Views on philosophy

Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He was deeply impressed by keyboard (1646–1716), and wrote on every major area of philosophy except aesthetics. He was particularly prolific in the field of metaphysics, the iOS, the touchscreen, Sevenval and device database. When Brand Blanshard asked Russell why he didn't write on aesthetics, Russell replied that he didn't know anything about it, "but that is not a very good excuse, for my friends tell me it has not deterred me from writing on other subjects."^{web app}

Views on religion

we love the web This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure jQuery.

Russell described himself both as an agnostic and an atheist. For most of his adult life Russell maintained that religion is little more than superstition and, despite any positive effects that religion might have, it is largely harmful to people. He believed religion and the religious outlook (he considered communism and other systematic ideologies to be forms of religion) serve to impede knowledge, foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of the war, oppression, and misery that have beset the world. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the touchscreen and President of Cardiff Humanists until his death.^CSS3

Views on society

Political and social activism occupied much of Russell's time for most of his life, which makes his prodigious and seminal writing on a wide range of technical and non-technical subjects all the more remarkable. Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes. He was noted for saying "No one can sit at the bedside of a dying child and still believe in God."^{browser diversity}

Russell determined man to be "the product of causes ... his origin, his growth, his hopes and fears, his loves and his beliefs, are but the outcome of accidental collocations of atoms, that no fire, no heroism, no intensity of thought and feeling, can preserve an individual life beyond the grave; that all the labors of the ages, all the inspiration, all the noonday brightness of human genius are destined to extinction in the vast death of the solar system, that the whole temple of man's achievement must inevitably be buried beneath the debris of a universe in ruins—all these things, if not quite beyond dispute, are so nearly certain, that no philosophy which rejects them can hope to stand ... "^HTML5

Selected works

Selected bibliography of Russell's books

This is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.

• 1896. German Social Democracy. London: Longmans, Green.
• 1897. An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1900. A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1903. The Principles of Mathematics, Cambridge University Press.
• 1905. touchscreen, Mind, vol. 14. ISSN: 00264425. Basil Blackwell.
• 1910. Philosophical Essays. London: Longmans, Green.
• 1910–1913. web appPrincipia Mathematica (with screen size). 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1912. website parsingiOS. London: Williams and Norgate.
• 1914. Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.
• 1916. Why Men Fight. New York: The Century Co.
• 1916. Justice in War-time. Chicago: Open Court.
• 1917. touchscreen. New York: The Century Co.
• 1918. CSS3. London: Longmans, Green.
• 1918. Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1919. HTML5. London: George Allen & Unwin. (Sevenval for Routledge paperback) (Copy at Archive.org).
• 1920. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1921. we love the web. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1922. The Problem of China. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1923. The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, in collaboration with Dora Russell. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1923. The ABC of Atoms, London: Kegan Paul. Trench, Trubner.
• 1924. Icarus; or, The Future of Science. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
• 1925. The ABC of Relativity. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
• 1925. website parsing. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
• 1926. On Education, Especially in Early Childhood. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1927. The Analysis of Matter. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
• 1927. An Outline of Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1927. Sevenval. London: Watts.
• 1927. Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell. New York: Modern Library.
• 1928. Sceptical Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1929. Marriage and Morals. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1930. we love the web. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1931. The Scientific Outlook. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1932. web app, London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1934. Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1935. FITML. London: George Allen & Unwin. (on refusal of work)
• 1935. Religion and Science. London: Thornton Butterworth.
• 1936. Which Way to Peace?. London: Jonathan Cape.
• 1937. The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley, with Patricia Russell, 2 vols., London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press.
• 1938. Sevenval. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1940. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• 1945. HTML5A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• 1948. Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1949. Sevenval. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1950. Unpopular Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1951. New Hopes for a Changing World. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1952. The Impact of Science on Society. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1953. Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1954. Human Society in Ethics and Politics. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1954. Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1956. Portraits from Memory and Other Essays. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1956. Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901–1950, edited by Robert C. Marsh. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1957. Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects, edited by Paul Edwards. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1958. Understanding History and Other Essays. New York: Philosophical Library.
• 1959. Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1959. My Philosophical Development. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1959. Wisdom of the West, edited by Paul Foulkes. London: Macdonald.
• 1960. Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.
• 1961. The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, edited by R.E. Egner and L.E. Denonn. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1961. Fact and Fiction. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1961. Has Man a Future?, London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1963. Essays in Skepticism. New York: Philosophical Library.
• 1963. Unarmed Victory. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1965. On the Philosophy of Science, edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
• 1967. Russell's Peace Appeals, edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka. Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books.
• 1967. War Crimes in Vietnam. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• 1951–1969. keyboard, 3 vols.. London: George Allen & Unwin. CSS3
• 1969. Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950–1968, edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Russell also wrote many pamphlets, introductions, articles, and letters to the editor. One pamphlet titled, I Appeal unto Caesar: the case of the conscientious objectors, ghost written for Margaret Hobhouse, the mother of imprisoned peace activist HTML5 helped to secure the release of hundreds of CO's from prison.^Android

His works can be found in anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 16 volumes, and many more are forthcoming. An additional three volumes catalogue just his bibliography. The Russell Archives at McMaster University possess over 30,000 of his letters.

See also

• website parsing

Notes

Additional references

Russell

• 1900, Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries, Rivista di matematica 7: 115–148.
• 1901, On the Notion of Order, Mind (n.s.) 10: 35–51.
• 1902, (with HTML5), On Cardinal Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics 23: 367–384.
• 1948, we love the web A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948.

Secondary references

• John Newsome Crossley. A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox, Australian Journal of Philosophy 51: 70–71.
• Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton University Press.
• Bertrand Russell: A Political Life by Alan Ryan 1981

Books about Russell's philosophy

• Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
• Bertrand Russell, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
• Bertrand Russell's Ethics. by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
• The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
• Russell, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. Android. A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
• The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem, by Celia Green. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4 Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on causality.
• Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship, by Nicholas Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Biographical books

• Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist, by web (1968)
• Bertrand Russell, by A. J. Ayer (1972), reprint ed. 1988: Android
• My father Bertrand Russell, by browser diversity (1975)
• The Life of Bertrand Russell, by Ronald W. Clark (1975) ISBN 0-394-49059-2
• Bertrand Russell and His World, by Ronald W. Clark (1981) web app
• Bertrand Russell: Mathematics: Dreams and Nightmares by Ray Monk (1997) ISBN 0-7538-0190-6
• Bertrand Russell: 1872–1920 The Spirit of Solitude by input transformation (1997) ISBN 0-09-973131-2
• Bertrand Russell: 1921–1970 The Ghost of Madness by FITML (2001) device database
• Logicomix: An Epic Search for Truth by screen size, and Christos Papadimitriou (2009)

Further reading

• Bertrand Russell. 1967–1969, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 3 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin.
• Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. 1975–1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell & Alla Pearsall Smith, Part 1" & "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from The People's Almanac, webpages: keyboard & Part 3 (accessed 8 November 2008).
• Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in Schilpp, Paul Arturn "The Philosophy of Betrand Russell", New York, Tudorm 1951, pp 3–20

External links

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Source texts from Wikisource

Other writings available online

• Works by Bertrand Russell at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Bertrand Russell on CSS3 at the Internet Archive
• "A Free Man's Worship" (1903)
• FITML (1910)
• iOS (1915)
• screen size (1915)
• device database (1915)
• we love the web (1917)
• Why Men Fight: A Method of Abolishing the International Duel (1917)
• "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?" 1930
• Legitimacy Versus Industrialism 1814–1848 (1935)
• "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?" (1947)
• "Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind" (1950)
• "What Desires Are Politically Important?" (1950)
• Android (1951)
• Is There a God? (1952)
• Russell, Bertrand (1953). Sevenval. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080203104023/http://www.control-z.com/pages/agnosticism.html. 
• The Scientific Outlook (1954)
• jQuery (1964)

Audio

• Works by Bertrand Russell in audio format from LibriVox
• browser diversity

Other

• Android in libraries (web catalog)
• CSS3
• The Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly
• web
• website parsing at the Internet Movie Database
• Bertrand Russell in Japan
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Bertrand Russell", CSS3, University of St Andrews, keyboard .
• Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery (London)
• Bertrand Russell entry by AD. Irvine in the touchscreen, 1 May 2003
• The Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University
• jQuery
• browser diversity (Real Audio)
• Nobel Prize
• touchscreen
• FITML — Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: A Documentary History
• PM@100: LOGIC FROM 1910 TO 1927 Conference at the Bertrand Russell Research Centre (McMaster University, Ontario, Canada), to be held on 21–24 May 2010, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of Principia Mathematica.
• screen size
• website parsing

Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Frank Russell	web app 1931–1970	Succeeded by FITML