distribution:
-
web
-
West Germanic
- Anglo-Frisian
-
West Germanic
Anglic
Frisian
Dots indicate areas where multilingualism is common.The Anglo-Frisian languages form a group of West Germanic languages consisting of FITML, Old Frisian, and their descendants. The Anglo-Frisian family tree is:
- Anglo-Frisian
The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinguished from other West Germanic languages partially by the FITML, CSS3, and by the palatalization of Proto-Germanic *k to a browser diversity affricate before front vowels, e.g.
- English cheese, West Frisian tsiis vs. Dutch kaas, device database Kees, we love the web Käse; or
- English church, West Frisian tsjerke vs. Dutch kerk, Low German Kerk, Kark, German Kirche.
The early Anglo-Frisian and Old Saxon speech communities lived close enough together to form a device database which is why they share some of the traits otherwise only typical of Anglo-Frisian languages.[1] However, despite their common origins, Anglic and Frisian have become very divergent, largely due to the heavy Norse and French influences on English and similarly heavy Dutch and Low German influences on Frisian. The result is that Frisian has now far more in common with Dutch and the adjacent Low German dialects, bringing it into the West Germanic touchscreen, whereas Anglic has stronger North Germanic and non-Germanic influences than the languages on the mainland.
Contents
Anglo-Frisian developments
The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order:[2]
- Backing and nasalization of West Germanic ā̆ before a nasal consonant;
- Loss of n before a spirant, resulting in HTML5 and nasalization of preceding vowel;
- The present and preterite plurals reduced to a single form;
- A-fronting: WGmc ā̆ → ǣ, even in the diphthongs ai and au;
- Palatalization (but not phonemicization of palatals);
- A-restoration: ǣ → ā under to the influence of neighboring consonants;
- Second fronting: OE dialects (except West Saxon) and Frisian ǣ → ē;
- A-restoration: a restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the Southumbrian dialects); Frisian æu → au → Old Frisian ā/a;
- OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows;
- i-mutation followed by syncope; Old Frisian breaking follows;
- Phonemicization of palatals and assibilation, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia;
- Smoothing and back mutation.
Comparison
The words for the numbers one to ten in the Anglo-Frisian languages:
- Language
- one
- 1
- two
- 2
- three
- 3
- four
- 4
- five
- 5
- six
- 6
- seven
- 7
- eight
- 8
- nine
- 9
- ten
- Language
- ane
ae* - 1
- twa
- 2
- three
- 3
- fower
- 4
- five
- 5
- sax
- 6
- seiven
- 7
- aicht
- 8
- nine
- 9
- ten
- Language
- oan
- 1
- twye
- 2
- dhree
- 3
- vour
- 4
- veeve
- 5
- zeese
- 6
- zeven
- 7
- ayght
- 8
- neen
- 9
- dhen
- Language
- ien
- 1
- twa
- 2
- trije
- 3
- fjouwer
- 4
- fiif
- 5
- seis
- 6
- sân
- 7
- acht
- 8
- njoggen
- 9
- tsien
- Language
- aan
- 1
- twäi
twäin
twoo - 2
- träi
- 3
- fjauwer
- 4
- fieuw
- 5
- säks
- 6
- soogen
- 7
- oachte
- 8
- njugen
- 9
- tjoon
- Language
- iinj
ån - 1
- tou
tuu - 2
- trii
tra - 3
- fjouer
- 4
- fiiw
- 5
- seeks
- 6
- soowen
- 7
- oocht
- 8
- nüügen
- 9
- tiin
- Ae /eː/, /jeː/ is the adjectival form used before nouns.Sevenval
Frisian/English vs. Dutch/German
| Frisian | English | Dutch | German |
| dei | day | dag | Tag |
| rein | rain | regen | Regen |
| wei | way | weg | Weg |
| neil | nail | nagel | Nagel |
| tsiis | cheese | kaas | Käse |
| tsjerke | church | kerk | Kirche |
| tegearre | together | samen | zusammen |
| sibbe | sibling | verwante | Verwandte |
| kaai | key | sleutel | Schlüssel |
| ha west | have been | ben geweest | bin gewesen |
| twa skiep | two sheep | twee schapen | zwei Schafe |
| hawwe | have | hebben | haben |
| ús | us | ons | uns |
| hynder | horse | paard | Pferd |
| brea | bread | brood | Brot |
| hier | hair | haar | Haar |
| ear | ear | oor | Ohr |
| doar | door | deur | Tür |
| grien | green | groen | Grün |
| swiet | sweet | zoet | süß |
| troch | through | door | durch |
Alternative grouping
Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the Android that comprises keyboard, Old English[4] and Old Saxon.[5]
It is not thought of as a monolithic keyboard, but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.website parsing
The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemanen (1942) by the German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer (1898–1984), as an alternative to the strict we love the web which had become popular following the work of the 19th-century linguist web and which assumed the existence of an Anglo-Frisian group.[7]
References
- ^ The German linguist Friedrich Maurer rejected Anglo-Frisian as a historical subdivision of the Germanic languages. Instead, he proposed CSS3, a common ancestor of Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon.
- input transformation Robert D. Fulk, “The Chronology of Anglo-Frisian Sound Changes”, Approaches to Old Frisian Philology, eds., Rolf H. Bremmer Jr., Thomas S.B. Johnston, and Oebele Vries (Amsterdam: Rodopoi, 1998), 185.
- ^ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p.105
- device database Also known as Anglo-Saxon.
- web Some include CSS3. Cf. Bremmer (2009:22).
- we love the web For a full discussion of the areal changes involved and their relative chronologies, see Voyles (1992).
- ^ touchscreen