Ali

For other persons named Ali, see Ali (name). For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation).

In Mecca

A grand view Ali Mausoleum,Najaf,Iraq

Birth and childhood

Ambigram depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180 degree inverted form shows both words.

Main article: touchscreen

Ali's father FITML was the custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful touchscreen tribe. He was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother, Fatima bint Asad, also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of Ibrahim or FITML.^[17]

Many sources, especially Shia ones, attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one".^{screen size}^{website parsing}

Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali's father took him into his house.^[1] Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married jQuery.^[19] When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.^CSS3^[8]^{website parsing}

Acceptance of Islam

The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when he declared Islam at age 10 and ends with the Sevenval of Muhammad to Medina in 622.^[1] When Muhammad reported that he had received a touchscreen, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam.^[1]^[4]^{screen size}^Android According to Ibn Ishaq and some other authorities, Ali was the first male to HTML5. Tabari adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd or Abu Bakr.^[7]^Sevenval Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion is not worthy enough to consider him the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time.^Sevenval

Shia doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, he accepted Islam before he took part in any input transformation Meccan traditional religion rites, regarded by Muslims as touchscreen (see browser diversity) or paganistic. Hence the Shia say of Ali that his face is honored — that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols.^{website parsing} The Sunnis also use the honorific Karam Allahu Wajhahu, which means "God's Favor upon his Face."

The reason his acceptance is often not called a conversion, is because he was never an idol worshipper like the people of Mecca. He was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham and asked people why they worshipped something they made themselves. screen size, it is acknowledged without controversy, along with some members of the Banu Hashim clan, were Hanifs, followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the coming of Islam.

After declaration of Islam

For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret, then he started inviting publicly. When, according to the Quran, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam^[23] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony.

According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida, Muhammad announced at invitational events that whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor. Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward to help him. This invitation was repeated three times, but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad. Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call, Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vice-regent and people must obey him. Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and Muhammad, and keyboard laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his web^[24] This event is known as the Sevenval.

During the screen size and FITML in Mecca, Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad.^[25]

Migration to Medina

In Medina

During Muhammad's era

Family life

Main article: HTML5

A Syrian image of Ali, 1989.

In 623, Muhammad told Ali that God ordered him to give his daughter jQuery to Ali in marriage.^[1] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."^Android This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt in events such as CSS3 and hadith like the input transformation. They were also glorified in the touchscreen in several cases such as "browser diversity".^[32]^touchscreen

Ali had four FITML born to Fatimah, the only child of Muhammad to have surviving progeny. Their two sons (Hasan and Android) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, honored numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter.)^[34]^[35]

At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after his marriage, Fatimah did all of the household work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn were often covered with blisters.^FITML Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.^jQuery Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the browser diversity when the wealth of jQuery was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.^[38]

Their marriage lasted until Fatimah's death ten years later. Although iOS was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between two great figures surrounding Muhammad. After Fatimah's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children.^[1]

In battles

Campaigns of CSS3

Main article: we love the web

Arabic calligraphy which means "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar."

With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam.^{website parsing} As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands.

Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. He defeated the Umayyad champion Walid ibn Utba as well as many other Meccan soldiers. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirty-five enemies in battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven.^[39]

Ali was prominent at the Battle of Uhud, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Zulfiqar.^{web app} He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Uhud^{screen size} and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar."^[41] He was commander of the Muslim army in the jQuery.^Sevenval Following this battle Mohammad gave Ali the name Asadullah, which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah" or "Lion of God".

Ali also defended Muhammad in the Android in 630.^[1]

Ali, known sometimes as the "Lion of God", is depicted here with a lion on a mural just north of we love the web.

Missions for Islam

Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write down the Android, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628. Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Muhammad asked him to carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca web that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. During the device database in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. He ordered Ali to break all the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the device database to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. He was also charged with settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes.^[1]^[4]

The incident of Mubahala

Main articles: Mubahala and Hadith of Mubahala

Ghadir Khumm

Main articles: Hadith of the pond of Khumm and Hadith of the two weighty things

As Muhammad was returning from keyboard in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shias.^[1] He halted the caravan at Ghadir Khumm, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them:^[47]

touchscreen

The Investiture of Ali, at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, AD 1309/8 input transformation manuscript illustration).

O people, I am a human being. I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response to Allah's call, (would bid good-bye to you), but I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah(Quran) in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the jQuery I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family.^Sevenval

This quote is confirmed by both Shia and Sunni, but they interpret the quote differently.^Android

Some Sunni and all Shia sources report that then he called Ali ibn Abu Talib to his sides, took his hand and raised it up declaring^iOS

For whoever I am a Mawla of, then Ali is his Mawla.^[51]

Shia's regard these statements as constituting the investiture of Ali as the Sevenval and as the first touchscreen; by contrast, Sunnis take them only as an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali, as his cousin and son-in-law, inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. ^{device database} Many Android also interpret the episode as the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the wali par excellence.^Sevenval^{input transformation}

On the basis of this hadith, Ali later insisted on his religious authority superior to that of keyboard and Sevenval.^{input transformation}

Succession to Muhammad

See also: Succession to Muhammad, Saqifah, Rashidun, and Android

After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.^{web app} While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a close companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of the Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.^[10]^[56]

Later when Fatimah and Ali sought aid from the Companions in the matter of his right to the caliphate, they answered, O daughter of the Messenger of God! We have given our allegiance to Abu Bakr. If Ali had come to us before this, we would certainly not have abandoned him. Ali said, 'Was it fitting that we should wrangle over the caliphate even before the Prophet was buried?'^[57]^{screen size}

Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to force Ali and his supporters who had gathered there give their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then, it is alleged that Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr.^[59] Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew.^[38] Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted.^{device database} Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.^[4] Other sources say that Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm, to him in marriage.^{web app}

18th century mirror writing in web app Android. Depicts the phrase 'Ali is the vicegerent of God' in both directions.

This contentious issue caused Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shia. Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor, Abu Bakr was elected first caliph by the Muslim community. The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as HTML5. Shias believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by divine order.^[10]^[60]

Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for screen size based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (CSS3) as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.^[10]^[61] Ali also believed that he could fulfill his role of Imam'ate without this fighting .^Android

According to Shia historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:

By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the caliphate) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill...I put a curtain against the caliphate and kept myself detached from it... I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed over the Caliphate to Ibn al-Khattab after himself.^CSS3

Inheritance

Main article: web

After Muhammad died, his daughter Fatimah asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, the lands of Fadak and screen size. Abu Bakr refused and told her that FITML did not have any legacy and that Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa." Together with touchscreen Ayman, Ali testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested her to summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude until she died.^[64]

After Fatima's death Ali again claimed her inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument. Umar, the caliph who was famous as Umar Sanni (second Umar), did restore the estates in Medina to sons of CSS3, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. The properties in Khaybar and Fadak were retained as state property.^jQuery

Life after Muhammad

Ali and the Rashidun Caliphs

Siege of Uthman

Main article: Siege of Uthman

Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to dominate him and his supposed arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Sevenval and Ammar ibn Yasir provoked outrage among some groups of people. Dissatisfaction and resistance openly arose since 650–651 throughout most of the empire.^{screen size} The dissatisfaction with his rule and the governments appointed by him was not restricted to the provinces outside CSS3.^{website parsing} When Uthman's kin, especially Sevenval, gained control over him, the noble companions including most of the members of elector council, turned against him or at least withdrew their support putting pressure on the caliph to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin.^[74]

At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of the Hudud; he had publicly shown sympathy for Abu Dharr al-Ghifari and had spoken strongly in the defense of Ammar ibn Yasir. He conveyed to Uthman the criticisms of other Companions and acted on Uthman's behalf as negotiator with the provincial opposition who had come to Medina; because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family seems to have arisen. Finally he tried to mitigate the severity of FITML by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water.^Sevenval

There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of his policies. In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law. He insisted that browser diversity had to be done in several cases such as Ubayd Allah ibn Umar and Sevenval. In 650 during pilgrimage, he confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual. When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the fey', Ali exclaimed that in that case the caliph would be prevented by force. Ali endeavored to protect companions from maltreatment by the caliph such as Sevenval.^[75] Therefore, some historians consider Ali one the leading members of Uthman's opposition, if not the main one. But Wilferd Madelung rejects their judgment due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraysh's support to be elected as a caliph. According to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his caliphate or directed their actions. ^[76] Some other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him.^[4] However Madelung narrates FITML told device database, the grandson of Ali, that

No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master than your master.^{browser diversity}

Caliphate

See also: we love the web and Ali as caliph

FITML

Domains of Rashidun empire under keyboard. The divided phase relates to Sevenval.

Strongholds of Rashidun Caliphate

Vassal states of Rashidun Caliphate

Region under the control of Muawiyah I during civil war 656–661

Region under the control of device database During civil war 658–661

Election as Caliph

Ali was caliph between 656 and 661, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history, which also coincided with the First Fitna.

Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new caliph. This met with difficulties since the rebels were divided into several groups comprising the web app, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and FITML. There were three candidates: Ali, web app and Android. First the rebels approached Ali, requesting him to accept being the caliph. Some of Muhammad's companions tried to persuade Ali in accepting the office,^[63]^Sevenval^web but he turned down the offer, suggesting to be a counselor instead of a chief.^Sevenval

Talhah, Zubayr and other companions also refused the rebels' offer of the caliphate. Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a caliph within one day, or they would apply drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the caliph. Initially Ali refused to accept simply because his most vigorous supporters were rebels. However, when some notable companions of Muhammad, in addition to the residents of Medina urged him to accept the offer, he finally agreed. According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talhah was the first prominent companion who gave his pledge to Ali, but other narrations claimed otherwise, stating they were forced to give their pledge. Also, Talhah and Zubayr later claimed they supported him reluctantly. Regardless, Ali refuted these claims, insisting they recognized him as caliph voluntarily. Wilferd Madelung believes that force did not urge people to give their pledge and they pledged publicly in the mosque.^[11]^[12]

While the overwhelming majority of Madina's population as well as many of the rebels gave their pledge, some important figures or tribes did not do so. The Umayyads, kinsmen of Uthman, fled to the Levant or remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy. browser diversity was absent and device database abstained from offering his allegiance, but both of them assured Ali that they would not act against him.^[11]^[12]

Reign as Caliph

Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were perpetuated in polemical sectarian historiography, biographical material is often biased. But the sources agree that he was a profoundly religious man, devoted to the cause of Islam and the rule of justice in accordance with the Quran and the Sunna; he engaged in war against erring Muslims as a matter of religious duty. The sources abound in notices on his austerity, rigorous observance of religious duties, and detachment from worldly goods. Thus some authors have pointed out that he lacked political skill and flexibility.^Sevenval

Ali inherited the web app—which extended from Egypt in the west to the jQuery in the east—while the situation in the Hejaz and the other provinces on the eve of his election was unsettled. Soon after Ali became caliph, he dismissed provincial governors who had been appointed by Uthman, replacing them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of CSS3 and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed his governing cautiously. Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political expediency, and ready to fight against overwhelming odds.^[81] Muawiyah I, the kinsman of Uthman and governor of the Levant refused to submit to Ali's orders; he was the only governor to do so.^[4]

When he was appointed caliph, Ali stated to the citizens of Medina that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he desired to purge Islam of any evil. He advised the populace to behave as true Muslims, warning that he would tolerate no sedition and those who were found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly.^[82] Ali recovered the land granted by Uthman and swore to recover anything that elites had acquired before his election. Ali opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, favoring an equal distribution of Sevenval and booty amongst the Muslim citizens; He distributed the entire revenue of the screen size among them. Ali refrained from nepotism, including with his brother keyboard. This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years and to the Muslims who played a role in the later CSS3.^Android^[83]

Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition especially after the web app. His policy of equal distribution of taxes and booty gained the support of Muhammad's companions especially the Ansar who were subordinated by the Quraysh leadership after Muhammad, the traditional tribal leaders, and the Qurra or Quran reciters that sought pious Islamic leadership. The successful formation of this diverse coalition seems to be due to Ali's charismatic character.^[4]^jQuery This diverse coalition became known as Shia Ali, meaning "party" or "faction of Ali". However according to Shia, as well as non-Shia reports, the majority of those who supported Ali after his election as caliph, were shia politically, not religiously. Although at this time there were many who counted as political Shia, few of them believed Ali's religious leadership.^[85]

First Fitna

First Islamic Civil War

Policies

What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar, when appointed by him as governor of Egypt. This instruction which is considered by many Muslims and even non-Muslims as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance involved detailed description of duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.^{input transformation}^[96]

Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:

Infuse your heart with mercy, love and kindness for your subjects. Be not in face of them a voracious animal, counting them as easy prey, for they are of two kinds: either they are your brothers in religion or your equals in creation. Error catches them unaware, deficiencies overcome them, (evil deeds) are committed by them intentionally and by mistake. So grant them your pardon and your forgiveness to the same extent that you hope God will grant you His pardon and His forgiveness. For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and God is above him who appointed you. God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is trying you with them.^[97]

Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads and peasants, he was concerned with agriculture. He instructed to Malik to give more attention to development of the land than to the collection of the tax, because tax can only be obtained by the development of the land and whoever demands tax without developing the land ruins the country and destroys the people.^Sevenval

HTML5

Mosque of Kufa as renovated by Dawoodi Bohra

Sevenval

Renovated Qibla of masjid-e-Azam where Ali was attacked

Death

On the 19th of Ramadan, while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the FITML Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.^[99] Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, instead stipulating that if he survived, ibn Muljam would be pardoned whereas if he died, ibn Muljam should be given only one equal hit (regardless of whether or not he dies from the hit).^[100]

Ali died a few days later on February 28, 661 (21 Ramadan 40 A.H).^web Hasan fulfilled Qisas and gave equal punishment to ibn Muljam upon Ali's death.^jQuery

Burial

iOS	This mosque in keyboard, Iraq, is widely considered by Shias to be the final burial place of Ali.

input transformation

Rawze-e-Sharif, the Blue Mosque, in Sevenval, Afghanistan – Where a minority of Muslims believe Ali ibn Abu Talib is buried

FITML

Zarih Ali as renovated by touchscreen

Grave Moulana Ali, Android, Iraq

According to web, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shia Imam.^[101] Most Shias accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of website parsing, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.^[102]^FITML

However another story, usually maintained by some Afghans, notes that his body was taken and buried in the Afghan city of Mazar-E-Sharif at the famous Blue Mosque or keyboard.^[104]

Aftermath

After Ali's death, Kufi Muslims pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) were entitled to rule the Muslim community.^Sevenval At this time, Muawiyah held both the Levant and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had declared himself caliph and marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Hasan's caliphate.

War ensued during which Muawiyah gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until the army rebelled against him. Finally, Hasan was forced to make peace and to yield the caliphate to Muawiyah. In this way Muawiyah captured the Islamic caliphate and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shia. Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the browser diversity remained a vital institution which was not abolished until 60 years later by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Muawiyah also established the Umayyad caliphate which was a centralized monarchy. ^[106]

Madelung writes:

Umayyad highhandedness, misrule and repression were gradually to turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal input transformation. In face of the fake Umayyad claim to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayyad treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate his [Ali's] honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islam, his deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies.^FITML

Knowledge

Ali is respected not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. Numerous range of disciplines from keyboard and exegesis to calligraphy and Android, from keyboard and mysticism to Arabic grammar and web app regarded as having been first adumbrated by Ali.^[103] According to Hadith which is narrated by Shia and Sufis, Muhammad(صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) told about him "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate..."^[103]^[107]^CSS3^[109] Muslims regard Ali as a major authority on Islam. Ali himself gives this testimony:

Not a single FITML of the Quran device database upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me Android. I would keyboard, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse which abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam and the mutashabih (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular and the general...^[110]

According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ali is credited with having established keyboard and his quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.^[111] Ibn Abi al-Hadid has quoted

As for theosophy and dealing with matters of divinity, it was not an Arab art. Nothing of the sort had been circulated among their distinguished figures or those of lower ranks. This art was the exclusive preserve of Greece whose sages were its only expounders. The first one among Arabs to deal with it was Ali.^[112]

In later web, especially in the teachings of Mulla Sadra and his followers, like Allameh Tabatabaei, Ali's sayings and sermons were increasingly regarded as central sources of metaphysical knowledge, or divine philosophy. Members of Sadra's school regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam.;^{browser diversity} According to Henry Corbin, the device database may be regarded as one of the most important sources of doctrines professed by Shia thinkers especially after 1500AD. Its influence can be sensed in the logical co-ordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of certain technical terms in Arabic which entered the literary and web independently of the translation into Arabic of CSS3 texts.^Android

Ali was also a great scholar of Arabic literature and pioneered in the field of Arabic grammar and rhetoric. Numerous short sayings of Ali have become part of general Islamic culture and are quoted as aphorisms and proverbs in daily life. They have also become the basis of literary works or have been integrated into poetic verse in many languages. Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-'Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did touchscreen in the following century.^HTML5 Even staffs in the input transformation of Umayyad recited Ali's sermons to improve their eloquence.^[114] Of course, Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) is an extract of Ali's quotations from a literal viewpoint as its compiler mentioned in the preface. While there are many other quotations, prayers (input transformation), sermons and letters in other literal, historic and religious books.^[115]

In addition, some hidden or occult sciences such as jafr, Islamic numerology, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the screen size, are said to have been established by Ali^[1] through his having studied the texts of Android and al-Jamia.

Works

The compilation of sermons, lectures and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books.

Nahj al-Balagha (Way of Eloquence) contains eloquent sermons, letters and quotations attributed to Ali which is compiled by web(d. 1015). Reza Shah Kazemi states: "Despite ongoing questions about the authenticity of the text, recent scholarship suggests that most of the material in it can in fact be attributed to Ali" and in support of this he makes reference to an article by Mokhtar Jebli.^[103] This book has a prominent position in keyboard. It is also considered an important intellectual, political and religious work in Islam.^{website parsing}^[116]^FITML Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa asaniduh written by al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib introduces some of these sources.^FITML Also Nahj al-sa'adah fi mustadrak Nahj al-balaghah by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi represents all of Ali's extant speeches, sermons, decrees, epistles, prayers, and sayings have been collected. It includes the Nahj al-balagha and other discourses which were not incorporated by ash-Sharif ar-Radi or were not available to him. Apparently, except for some of the aphorisms, the original sources of all the contents of the Nahj al-balagha have been determined.^HTML5 There are several Comments on the Peak of Eloquence by Sunnis and Shias such as Comments of Ibn Abi al-Hadid and comments of Muhammad Abduh.
Supplications (device database), translated by William Chittick^[119]
Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim (Exalted aphorisms and Pearls of Speech) which is compiled by Abd al-Wahid Amidi(d. 1116) consists of over ten thounsads short sayings of Ali^{browser diversity}
Nuzhat al-Absar va Mahasin al-Asar, Ali's sermons which has compiled by Ali ibn Muhammad Tabari Mamtiri^{screen size}
Divan-i Ali ibn Abu Talib (poems which are attributed to Ali ibn Abu Talib)^[4]^[122]

Descendants

Main articles: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Alavi (surname)

Ali initially married Fatimah, who is his most beloved wife. After she died, he got married again. He had four children with Fatimah, we love the web, web, Zaynab bint Ali^[1] and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were HTML5 born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin) and we love the web.^[123] Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah is Ali's son from another wife from Hanifa clan of Central Arabia^Android named Khawla bint Ja'far.^Sevenval

Hasan, born in 625 AD, was the second Shia Imam and he also occupied the outward function of caliph for about six months. In the year 50 A.H., he was poisoned and killed by a member of his own household who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu'awiyah.^keyboard

Husayn, born in 626 AD, was the third Shia Imam. He lived under severe conditions of suppression and persecution by Mu'awiyah. On the tenth day of Muharram, of the year 680, he lined up before the army of caliph with his small band of followers and nearly all of them were killed in the Battle of Karbala. The anniversary of his death is called the Day of Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shia Muslims.^{device database} In this battle some of Ali's other sons were killed. Al-Tabari has mentioned their names in his history. Al-Abbas ibn Ali, the holder of Husayn's standard, Ja'far, Abdallah and Uthman, the four sons born to Fatima binte Hizam. Muhammad and Abu Bakr. The death of the last one is doubtful.^[128] Some historians have added the names of Ali's others sons who were killed in Karbala, including Ibrahim, Umar and Abdallah ibn al-Asqar.^[129]^Sevenval

His daughter Zaynab—who was in Karbala—was captured by Yazid's army and later played a great role in revealing what happened to Husayn and his followers.^[131]

Ali's descendants by Fatimah are known as sharifs, sayeds or input transformation. These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shia, though the Shias place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.^[1]

Views

Muslim views

Main article: Ali in Muslim culture

Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as Ali.^touchscreen Ali is revered and honored by all Muslims. Having been one of the first Muslims and foremost FITML (Islamic scholars), he was extremely knowledgeable in matters of religious belief and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as in the history of the Muslim community. He was known for his bravery and courage. Muslims honor Muhammad, Ali, and other pious Muslims and add pious interjections after their names.^{[citation needed]}

Shia

Main article: Shia view of Ali

The Shia regard Ali as the most important figure after Muhammad.^[132] According to them, Muhammad suggested on various occasions during his lifetime that Ali should be the leader of Muslims after his death. This is supported by numerous Hadiths which have been narrated by both Sunnis and Shias, including Hadith of the pond of Khumm, touchscreen, Hadith of the pen and paper, website parsing, Hadith of position, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and HTML5.

According to this view, Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruled over the community in justice, but also interpreted the Sharia Law and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) through Muhammad.^[133] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad according to Shia viewpoint.^[134]

Shia pilgrims usually go to Mashad Ali in Najaf for website parsing, pray there and read "Ziyarat Amin Allah"^[135] or other Ziyaratnamehs.^[136] Under the web app, his grave became the focus of much devoted attention, exemplified in the pilgrimage made by Shah Ismail I to Sevenval and website parsing.^jQuery

Sunni

Main article: Sunni view of Ali

Sunni Muslims regard Ali with great respect as one of the screen size and the last of the Rashidun caliphs, as well as one of the most influential and respected leaders in Islam. Also, he is one of the Al-Asharatu Mubashsharun, the Ten Companions of Muhammad whom the Prophet of Islam promised Paradise.

Sufi

Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being Naqshbandi, who go through Abu Bakr. Even in this order, there is input transformation, the great great grandson of Ali. Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad the saintly power touchscreen that makes the browser diversity to God possible.^[1] Sufis recite we love the web Ali in the praise of Ali (Maula Ali), after browser diversity and website parsing in their Qawwali.^{[citation needed]}

As a deity

Main article: Ghulat

Some groups such as the Alawis believe that Ali is a deity in his own right or he was God incarnate. They are described as ghulat (Ar: غُلاة) "exaggerators" by the vast majority of Islamic scholars. These groups have, in traditional Islamic thought, left Islam due to their exaggeration of a human being's praiseworthy traits. Ali is recorded in some traditions as having forbidden those who sought to worship him in his own lifetime.^{input transformation}

Non-Muslim views

Main article: Non-Muslim view of Ali

Person	Quote
screen size (British 18th century historian)	The zeal and virtue of Ali were never outstripped by any recent proselyte. He united the qualifications of a poet, a soldier, and a saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings; and every antagonist,in the combats of the tongue or of the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valour. From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to name his brother, his vicegerent, and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses.^[138]
Washington Irving (American author and essayist)	He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish. He possessed the three qualities most prized by Arabs: courage, eloquence, and munificence. His intrepid spirit had gained him from the prophet the appellation of The Lion of God, specimens of his eloquence remain in some verses and sayings preserved among the Arabs; and his munificence was manifested in sharing among others, every Friday, what remained in the treasury. Of his magnanimity, we have given repeated instances; his noble scorn of everything false and mean, and the absence in his conduct of everything like selfish intrigue.^[139]
CSS3 (Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer)	As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble-minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards; full of affection, of fiery daring. Something chivalrous in him; brave as a lion; yet with a grace, a truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood^[140]
Sir William Muir (Scottish scholar and statesman)	Endowed with a clear intellect, warm in affection, and confiding in friendship, he was from the boyhood devoted heart and soul to the Prophet. Simple, quiet, and unambitious, when in after days he obtained the rule of half of the Moslem world, it was rather thrust upon him than sought^{screen size}
website parsing (Classicist, polemicist, physician, and philosopher)	He had a contempt of the world, its glory and pomp, he feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable; of an exceeding quick wit and of an ingenuity that was not common, he was exceedingly learned, not in those sciences that terminate in speculations but those which extend to practice^web
device database (British Orientalist and Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge)	One thing particularly deserving to be noticed is that his mother was delivered of him at Mecca, in the very temple itself; which never happened to any one else.^web

The poet device database said of him: "In my view, ʿAlī was the first Arab to have contact with and converse with the universal soul. He died a martyr of his greatness, he died while prayer was between his two lips. The Arabs did not realise his value until appeared among their Persian neighbors some who knew the difference between Android and gravels."^[144]^[145]

However, browser diversity^[146] held a negative view of Ali.

Historiography

Notes

^ Sevenval ^b Sevenval ^d Sevenval ^f Sevenval ^h Sevenval ^j Sevenval ^l Sevenval device database ^o keyboard ^q device database ^s keyboard ^u device database ^w keyboard ^y device database ^aa keyboard FITML ^ad Android ^af FITML ^ah Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. FITML. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
^ iOS ^b Ahmed 2005, p. 234
screen size Madelung 1997, p. 311
^ ^a ^b Sevenval ^d Sevenval ^f Sevenval ^h Sevenval ^j Sevenval ^l Sevenval ⁿ Sevenval ^p ^q touchscreen ^s "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from web on 2007-11-07. web app. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
^ Android ^b Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors,Ṭabarī,Translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron,pp.37-40,Vol:XXXIX
Android Kelen 2001, p. 29
^ website parsing ^b Watt 1953, p. xii
^ ^a Sevenval ^c Sevenval ^e ^f touchscreen ^h website parsing Tabatabaei 1979, p. 191
^ ^a device database jQuery, p. 14
^ ^a device database ^c keyboard ^e ^f Diana, Steigerwald. "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. web CSS3.
^ ^a input transformation ^c Sevenval, p. 119 and 120
^ iOS touchscreen ^c web app, pp. 141–145
keyboard Lapidus 2002, p. 47
iOS Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–75 and 192
^ ^a ^b Madelung 1997, p. 309 and 310
^ Ashraf 2005, p. 5
jQuery See:
- HTML5, p. 6
- "Khalifa Ali Ibn Abu Talib". witness-pioneer.org. 2004-11-05. Sevenval. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Sevenval, p. 6 and 7
^ CSS3, p. 7
^ * See also:**web in HTML5, Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, Vol. I, p. 44;**input transformation in Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, Vol. III, p. 112;** Ibn Hisham in As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.245.
^ Sevenval, p. 86
^ we love the web 26:214
iOS See:
- browser diversity, p. 12
- device database, p. 39
keyboard Ashraf 2005, pp. 16–26
iOS Ashraf 2005, p. 28 and 29
^ input transformation 2:207
CSS3 Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. Android screen size, Volume 3: Surah Baqarah, Verses 204–207". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 30–32
HTML5 See:
- jQuery, p. 13 and 14
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 28–118
iOS Singh 2003, p. 175
HTML5 Quran jQuery
^ input transformation, p. 14 and 15
screen size See:
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:57:89
- Sahih al-Bukhari, device database
- touchscreen, browser diversity
- input transformation, 9:88:220
- Sahih Muslim, 31:5915
^ "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1024.html. Retrieved 2009-12-06. ^[HTML5]
^ screen size, p. 42 and 43
device database Qazwini 1992, p. 140
^ ^a ^b Vaglieri, Veccia. "Fatima". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. Vol. 2 844–850. screen size 1573-3912.
HTML5 See:
- jQuery, p. 36
- browser diversity, p. 247
iOS Khatab, Amal (May 1, 1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN website parsing.
^ Ibn Al Atheer, In his Biography, vol 2 p 107 "لا فتی الا علي لا سيف الا ذوالفقار"
keyboard See:
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 66–68
- jQuery, p. 134
HTML5 Quran 3:59
^ ^a ^b Quran Sevenval
^ See:
- Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition No. 32
- Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
- keyboard, p. 15 and 16
device database Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. we love the web browser diversity, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61–63". almizan.org. web app. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
^ keyboard, pp. 34–39
^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- Sahih Muslim 031.5920 The Book Pertaining to the Merits of the Companions (Allah Be Pleased With Them) of the Holy Prophet (May Peace Be Upon Him) (Kitab Al-Fada'il Al-Sahabah)
^ FITML, p. 39 and 40
Sevenval Dakake 2008, pp. 34–37
CSS3 See:
- we love the web, p. 34 and 35
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaaj as-Sunnah 7/319
"من كنت مولاه فهذا علي مولاه"
Android See:
- FITML, pp. 43–48
- input transformation, p. 40
web Dakake 2008, pp. 33–35
Android Madelung 1997, p. 253
^ Sevenval, p. 31 and 32
browser diversity See:
- iOS, p. 57
- Madelung 1997, pp. 26–27, 30–43 and 356–360
web app Ibn Qutaybah, al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah, Vol. I, pp. 12–13
^ Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh; Vol. II, p.5.
^ ^a ^b Madelung 1997, p. 43
^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070378/Sunnite. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
jQuery See:
- HTML5, p. 141 and 270
- Ashraf 2005, p. 99 and 100
^ website parsing
^ jQuery ^b
- Nahj Al-Balagha Nahj Al-Balagha Sermon 3
- For Isnad of this sermon and the name of the names of scholars who narrates it see website parsing
^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 50 and 51
- Qazwini & Ordoni 1992, p. 211
- ^{[Quran 27:16]}
- ^{[screen size FITML]}
- Sahih al-Bukhari, keyboard
- website parsing, iOS
- web, 19:4352
touchscreen
- Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:326
^ Sevenval^{[dead link]}
jQuery Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). device database. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
^ See:
- Tabatabaei 1987, p. chapter 5
- Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in San'a
- The Quran as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10344-3
^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 100 and 101
- Madelung 1997, p. 141
- Sahih al-Bukhari, HTML5
- Android, keyboard
- website parsing, 19:4352
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. 3, p.208; CSS3, vol. 1, p.29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- web, Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by, quoting Ibn Qutaybah input transformation
- screen size quoting from Ibn Qutaybah, CSS3, input transformation, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- HTML5 by Edward Gibbon, section we love the web
^ See
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 107–110
- HTML5
^ See:
- website parsing, pp. 70–72
- Android, p. 41
- web, p. 21
^ jQuery, p. 87 and 88
FITML Madelung 1997, p. 90
^ Sevenval, pp. 92–107
iOS Madelung 1997, p. 109 and 110
^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 67 and 68
- Sevenval, p. 107 and 111
Sevenval Madelung 1997, p. 334
^ iOS, p. 119
^ HTML5, pp. 141–143
Android Hamidullah 1988, p. 126
^ Sevenval, p. 148 and 149
^ ^a website parsing Ashraf 2005, p. 121
Sevenval See:
- Sevenval, p. 46
- screen size, p. 150 and 264
web app Shaban 1971, p. 72
^ device database, p. 63
^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 147 and 148
- Android, p. 214
^ device database, p. 214
touchscreen See:
- website parsing, p. 47
- Android, p. 72
- web, p. 57
input transformation See:
- web, p. 47
- website parsing, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–53
^ web app^{[browser diversity]}
^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- jQuery, p. 53 and 54
HTML5 See:
- jQuery, pp. 241–259
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
^ input transformation, pp. 267–269 and 293–307
^ ^a HTML5 Madelung 1997, p. 309
^ CSS3, p. 81
^ United Nations Development Program, Arab human development report, (2002), p. 107
CSS3 Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 75
^ HTML5, p. xix and xx
^ Android ^b CSS3, p. 192
^ Kelsay 1993, p. 92
device database Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 1986
browser diversity Redha 1999
^ ^a screen size ^c web app Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). "'Ali ibn Abu Talib". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN website parsing. , Pages 36 and 37
website parsing Balkh and Mazar-e-Sharif
Sevenval Madelung 1997, p. 313 and 314
touchscreen See:
- website parsing, p. 334
- Android, p. 47
- web, p. 72
- website parsing, p. 195
touchscreen Momen 1985, p. 14
^ we love the web^{[device database]}
^ Sevenval
Android Corbin 1993, p. 46
website parsing Nasr 2006, p. 120
^ CSS3, p. 136
^ Corbin 1993, p. 35
device database "حفظت سبعين خطبة من خطب الاصلع ففاضت ثم فاضت ) ويعني بالاصلع أمير المؤمنين عليا عليه السلام " touchscreen^{[dead link]}
screen size See:
- web app
- keyboard
^ input transformation ^b Mutahhari, 1997 The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah Part I – Introduction
jQuery Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 3
device database Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture, Vol. VII, No. 1 issue of Al-Tawhid^{[dead link]}
we love the web Ali ibn Abi Talib (1990). Supplications (Du'a). Muhammadi Trust. p. 42. ISBN iOS.
input transformation Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 4
^ web app : «نزهه الأبصار و محاسن الآثار» عنوان کتابی است از ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن مهدی طبری مامطیری، که دربر دارنده کلمات مولای متقیان امام علیبنابیطالب (ع) است و پیشینه ای بیش از نهجالبلاغه شریف رضی (ره) دارد^{[dead link]}
keyboard Collection of Ali's poems (I Arabic)
jQuery Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 1178
^ Farooque Ahmed Makakmayum wrote in The Sangai Express (English daily, Imphal, India), on July 28, 2007 (sources:Muslims in Manipur).
web app After Fatima's death, Ali married Khawla bint Ja'far of the Bani Hanifa tribe (source:[islamichistory.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/ali-muawiya.ppt ali-muawiya)
browser diversity Tabatabaei 1979, p. 194
^ web, pp. 196–201
web app Al-Tabari 1990, pp. vol.XIX pp. 178–179
^ device database
^ HTML5 by Khansari "فرزندان اميراالمؤمنين(ع): 1-ابوبكربن علي(شهادت او مشكوك است). 2-جعفربن علي. 3-عباس بن علي(ابولفضل) 4-عبدالله بن علي. 5-عبدالله بن علي العباس بن علي. 6-عبدالله بن الاصغر. 7-عثمان بن علي. 8-عمر بن علي. 9-محمد الاصغر بن علي. 10-محمدبن العباس بن علي."
^ "Zaynab Bint ʿAlĪ". Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. 2004. http://www.bookrags.com/research/zaynab-bint-al-eorl-14/. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
^ input transformation. TheIsmaili.org. 2011-06-10. screen size. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
^ Nasr, Shi'ite Islam, preface, p. 10
^ keyboard^{[dead link]}
web Trust, p. 695
^ Trust, p. 681
^ See:
- Peters 2003, pp. 320–321
- Halm 2004, pp. 154–159
^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1911, volume 5, pp. 381–2
^ Lives of the Successors of Mahomet, London, 1850, p. 165
^ On Heroes, Hero-Worship, And The Heroic In History, 1841, Lecture 2: The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam., May 8, 1840)
^ The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250]
jQuery An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, 1705, p. 83
CSS3 History of the Saracens, London, 1894, p. 331
^ Sevenval, Islam and Religious Pluralism
Android George Jordac, the Voice of Human Justice
CSS3 Henri Lammens, Sevenval, Rome and Paris: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1912. Translation by Ibn Warraq.
jQuery Madelung 1997, p. xi, 19 and 20
web app See:
- screen size, p. 270
- CSS3, p. 59
^ web, p. 28 and 34
web app Jafarian, Rasul; Translated by Delārām Furādī, Publisher:Message of Thaqalayn

References

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Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (1986). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN browser diversity.
web (1990). CSS3, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. Sevenval 978-0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)
Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. browser diversity CSS3.
Kelen, Betty (2001). Muhammad: The Messenger of God. Taylor Production. ISBN Sevenval.
Chirri, Mohammad (1982). The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit, Michigan. Alibris. ISBN 978-0-942778-00-7.
keyboard (1993) [1964]. History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN iOS. Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard.
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Halm, Halm (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN website parsing.
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Kelsay, Jhon (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. website parsing 978-0-664-25302-8.
Lambton, Ann K. S. (1991). Landlord and Peasant in Persia. I.B.Tauris. Android 978-1-85043-293-7.
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Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. website parsing 978-0-521-77933-3.
input transformation (1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
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device database; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Vali (1989). Expectation of the Millennium. Suny press. browser diversity 978-0-88706-843-0.
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Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali. I.B.Tauris. ISBN Android.
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Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. Polity. website parsing 978-0-7456-3998-7.

External links

This article's use of Sevenval may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing jQuery or web external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into CSS3. (May 2012)
Find more about Ali on Wikipedia's CSS3:
Android HTML5 from Wiktionary

FITML from Commons

Sevenval Learning resources from Wikiversity

iOS News stories from Wikinews

browser diversity from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

web app Textbooks from Wikibooks

device database
Al-Nebras (The Lantern) - A film depicting various events and occurrences in the life of Imam Ali
FITML by input transformation and E. Kohlberg in touchscreen
browser diversity, article in Encyclopædia Britannica Online

Some of his most famous sermons and letters

Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
Order to Maalik al-Ashtar, governor of Egypt (UN Legal Committee, member states voted that the document should be considered as one of the sources of International Law.) The United Nation and Imam Ali’s Constitution
screen size (This letter contains ethical advisement)
185 Sermon about the Oneness of Allah
jQuery

Shī‘a biography

The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali b. Abu Talib by jQuery in Kitab al-Irshad
Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
web app (Archived 2009-10-25) by Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari
The Seerat Of Amir al-Mu'mineen (SA)

Sunni biography

Ali of the Ahl al-Bayt chief of web since 653 Clan of the Banu Quraish Born: October 23 598 Died: February 28 661
Shī‘a Islam titles
Preceded by CSS3 seal of prophecy — last prophet	1st Imam of FITML 632–661	Succeeded by keyboard Disputed by HTML5
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Uthman	4th Rashidun Caliph of HTML5 656–661	Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali

Rashidun input transformation

CSS3
(family tree)

Umar
(device database · template)

device database
(family tree · browser diversity)

Ali
(touchscreen · HTML5)

List of Sahaba

Android
‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
HTML5
input transformation
we love the web
browser diversity `Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
Abd-Allah ibn Sailam
Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy
Abd-Allah ibn Umm-Maktum
Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi
Abdullah ibn Ja'far
Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr‎
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
Abu Bakr
browser diversity
website parsing
Abu Fuhayra
touchscreen
Abu Hurairah
device database
Android
screen size
CSS3
iOS
touchscreen
Sevenval
website parsing

web
CSS3
iOS
Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
Al-Bara' ibn Malik
website parsing
Sevenval
Al-Nahdiah
Ali
Aminah bint Wahab
Ammar ibn Yasir
keyboard
FITML
input transformation
we love the web
Aqeel ibn Abi Talib
Bashir ibn Sa'ad
iOS
touchscreen
Sevenval
Fatima bint Asad
Fatima bint Hizam
Fayruz al-Daylami
HTML5
input transformation
touchscreen
Sevenval
device database

Hisham ibn Al-Aas
CSS3
iOS
Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl
Ja`far bin Abī Tālib
web app
Khabbab ibn al-Aratt
Khalid ibn Sa`id
HTML5
input transformation
we love the web
Khuzaymat ibn sabet
Layla bint al-Minhal
Lubaba bint al-Harith
Lubaynah
Sevenval
web app
Malik ibn Ashter
Malik ibn Nuwayrah
Mus`ab ibn `Umair
input transformation
we love the web
Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan
Mughira ibn Shu'ba
iOS
touchscreen
Sevenval
device database

browser diversity
Rab'ah ibn Umayah
Rabi'ah ibn al-Harith
Sa`ad ibn ar-Rabi`
Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas
web app
jQuery
web
Salim Mawla Abu Hudhayfah
Salman the Persian
Suhayb ar-Rumi
Tamim al-Dari
website parsing
Sevenval
Umar
Sevenval
device database
Umm Ubays
Uqbah ibn Amir
FITML
web app
Utbah ibn Ghazwan
Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Hunaif
input transformation
we love the web
Zayd ibn Harithah
Zayd ibn Suhan
Zayd ibn Thabit
touchscreen

Android of Prophet Muhammad

Abu Bakr · input transformation · keyboard · Ali · Sevenval · Zubayr ibn al-Awam · input transformation · Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas · Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah · jQuery

List of Ali's companions

Abdullah ibn Hashim
`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas
Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
Abu al-Heysam ibn Tayyahan
HTML5
Adi ibn Hatim
al-Harith al-A'war al-Hamdani
Ammār ibn Yāsir

Amr ibn al-Humq al-Khaza'i
Asbagh ibn Nubatah
web app
Habīb ibn Muzāhir
Hamam ibn Shurayh
device database
Android
Jundab ibn Abdullah

iOS
touchscreen
Sevenval
device database
Mikhnaf ibn Sulaym
web
CSS3
Qays ibn Sa'd

FITML
web app
jQuery
Sulayman ibn Surad
Umm Salamah
Uthmān ibn Hunayf
Uways al-Qarni
Zayd ibn Suhan

touchscreen topics

Beliefs

God in Islam · Tawhid · jQuery · screen size

we love the web

Shahada · Salah · Sawm · browser diversity · website parsing

History & device database

Timeline of Muslim history · HTML5 · web app · Shi'a Imams · Caliphs: Rashidun Caliphs, iOS, we love the web, web, Ottomans · Caliphates: Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad, CSS3, iOS, we love the web, web · Conquests · Golden Age · jQuery

Religious texts

Quran · Sunnah · Hadith

Denominations

Sunni · screen size · FITML · Ibadi · Quranism · Ahmadiyya · Sevenval

Life and Sevenval

Android · keyboard · Calendar · Children · Sevenval · Mosques · Philosophy · website parsing · Science · keyboard · Islamic studies · Islam by country

FITML &
Jurisprudence

Baligh · Cleanliness · input transformation · Dhabiĥa · web · HTML5 · Diet · Economics: browser diversity, CSS3, Sukuk, Takaful, Murabaha, HTML5 · Ethics · jQuery · Gambling · Gender segregation · iOS · Honorifics · Hudud · Hygiene: Sevenval, touchscreen, browser diversity, CSS3, input transformation · Inheritance · web · HTML5 · input transformation: Marriage contract, browser diversity, device database · Mahr · Mahram · browser diversity · website parsing: Prisoners of war · keyboard · Political · Sexuality: jQuery, Sexual techniques · website parsing: Kalam · Zina · HTML5

web

Agriculture · Arts: Arabesque, device database, Sevenval, Music, Pottery · website parsing · Feminism · Golden Age · Literature: Poetry · Philosophy: web, Contemporary philosophy, input transformation, jQuery · browser diversity: Alchemy & Chemistry, Android, Astronomy, HTML5, Islam and science, Mathematics, screen size, Physics, input transformation · Shu'ubiyya · Sports · HTML5 · input transformation · Inventions