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Central Semitic
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South Central Semitic
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Arabic
- Algerian Arabic
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Arabic
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South Central Semitic
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Central Semitic
Algerian Arabic is the variety or varieties of Arabic spoken in Algeria. In Algeria, as elsewhere, spoken Arabic differs from written Arabic; Algerian Arabic has a vocabulary mostly Arabic, with significant Berber substrates, and many new words and jQuery borrowed from screen size, Turkish and Spanish.
Like all Arabic dialects, Algerian Arabic has dropped the case endings of the written language. It is not used in schools, television or newspapers, which usually use screen size or French, but is more likely heard in music if not just heard in Algerian homes and on the street. Algerian Arabic is spoken daily by the vast majority of Algerians.
Contents
Variations within Algerian Darija
Within Algerian Arabic itself, there are significant local variations. Algerian Arabic changes from place to place and town to town. Even two towns near one another may not speak the same dialect or accent. It gets more extreme as you head towards the Moroccan and Tunisan borders. These are the major local variations of Algerian Darija:
- West Algerian dialects, for instance, are particular in pronouncing the third singular masculine objective pronoun as h,
example, /ʃʊfteh/ شُفتـَه, I saw him that would be /ʃʊftʊ/ in the other dialects.
- Tlemcen is noticeable for more than two dialects, mainly
/qʊlt/ قلت dialect and /ʔʊlt/ ألت dialect, q is pronounced as a hamza, glottal stop.
- Jijel Arabic, in particular, is noteworthy for its pronunciation of qaf as kaf and its profusion of browser diversity loanwords.
Certain ports' dialects show influence from Andalusi Arabic brought by refugees from al-Andalus. Algerian Arabic is part of the Maghrebi Arabic Sevenval, and fades into website parsing and Tunisian Arabic along the respective borders.
Algerian Arabic vocabulary is pretty much similar throughout Algeria.
The Berber languages (Tamazight) are also used in and nearby countries.
Phonology
List of IPA phonemes & as transliterated in this article: 24 consonants:
/b/ /t/ /dʒ/ /ɡ/ /ħ/ /ʕ/ /d/ /p/ /r/ /z/ /s/ /ʃ/ /sˤ/ /dˤ/ /tˤ/ /ɣ/ /f/ /q/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /h/ /x/ /w/ /j/b t j g ḥ ε d p r z s š ṣ ḍ ṭ γ f q k l m n h x w y
ب ت ج ڤ ح ع د (پ) ر ﺯ ﺱ ش ص ض ط غ ف ق ك ل م ن ﻫ خ و ﻱ
Some pronounce the consonant q differently : g, k, ' (hamza) or voiced q [ɢ].
vowels Arabic phonology
long vowels:
- short /a/ (as in "man") [æ], e.g. سامح /sæməħ/ forgave
- /aː/ /sˤɑːħəb/ friend
- /iː/ (as in "ski") e.g. قريت /qriːt/ I read, in the past
- /uː/ (as in "flu") e.g. تِلِفون /tilifuːn/
and short vowels, esp in initial position
- /e/ (as in "men") e.g. قَهوَة, or a shorter version of a as in father [ɑ]
e.g., rɑbːi my God
- /i/ (as in sit) e.g. هِيَ /hijːɑ/ she
- /u/ (as in foot) e.g. قُبَّة /qʊbːɑ/ dome
plus the schwa which replaces /e/ in some positions e.g. انتَ /ənte/
Arguably one of the most notable features of Maghrebi Arabic dialects, including Algerian Arabic, is the collapse of short vowels in some positions. Standard Arabic كِتاب kitab (book) is /ktæb/
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- kalam كَلام (speech) is /klæm/
This feature is also present in Levantine Arabic to a lesser extent. Standard Arabic words containing three syllables are simplified
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- /ħɑdʒɑrɑ/ حَجَرة is /ħɑdʒrɑ/.
Note that Algerian Arabic is particularly rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic sounds are generally considered to be ṣ, ḍ, and ṭ.
Non-emphatic /r/ and emphatic /rˤ/ are two entirely separate phonemes, almost never contrasting in related forms of a word.
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- eg. /ərrɑmle/ الرَّملة (sand), as in arrive
- /jədʒri/ يجري (he runs), as in free
Original /q/ splits lexically into /q/ and /ɡ/; for some words, both alternatives exist.
Grammar
Nouns and adjectives
| English | Pronunciation | Algerian Arabic |
| drink | shreb | شرب |
| sky | sma' | سما |
| water | mâ' | ما |
| woman, women | mra | مرا |
| fire | nâr | نار |
| big | kbir | كبير |
| man, men | radjel \ rdjal | (راجل)(رجال) |
| day | nhâr, yom | نهار، يوم |
| moon | gmar | قمر |
| night | lil | ليل |
| bread | khobz | خبز |
| small | ṣghir | صغير |
| sand | rmel | رمل |
| winter, rain | shta \ nu (rain) | شتا \ نو |
| ball | balun | بالون |
| napkin | serbita | سربيتة |
| toilet, bathroom | beit el ma'; beit er-râHa | بيت الماء، بيت الراحة |
Conjunctions & Prepositions
| English | Conjunctions | Algerian Arabic | Notes of Usage |
| But | beṣṣeh | بالصح | Also used is ولكن |
| If | ila, lakan | ،إيلا، إيدا، لاكان، كون | Used for impossible conditions and comes just before the verb |
| If | loukan | لوكان | For possible conditions, Also used is لو ,لاكون and إذا |
| So that, that | bash | باش | |
| That | beli | باللي | |
| As if | shgol | شغل | Also used is كي اللي |
| Because | ala khatach, ala khatr | على خاطر ,على خاطش | Also used is على جال |
| When | ki/weenta | كي | Used before verbs |
| Before | gbel ma | قبل ما | Used before verbs |
| Without | bla ma | بلا ما | Used before verbs |
| Whether | kash ma | كاش ما | Used before verbs |
| under | teht | تحت | |
| over, on top of | fuq | فوق | |
| after | Men beεd | من بعد | |
| before | gbel | قبل | Used only for time |
| next to, beside | godam | Also used is حدا | قدام |
| at | εend | عند | |
| with | ma' | مع | |
| among, between | been, beenat (plural) | بين، بينات | |
| same as, as much as | A'la hsab ged | قد | amount |
| oh, oh so much | ya, ah | يا، آه |
Some of them can be attached to the noun, just like other Arabic dialects. The word for in "fee" can be attached to a definite noun. For example the word for house's definite form is "eddar" (الدار) with "fee" (في) becomes "feddar" (فالدار). The same with behind the door is (مورالباب) or just (مور الباب) Murr-elbab.
Gender
Algerian Arabic has two genders, Masculine and Feminine. masculine nouns and adjectives generally end with a consonant, while the feminine nouns generally end with an a (there are some exceptions, however such as; Ibtissam, Nawal, etc...). Examples:
- ħmɑr "a donkey", ħmɑrɑ "a female donkey".
- tˤfʊl "a little boy", tˤʊflɑ "a little girl".
Pluralization
Similar to Classical Arabic, Algerian Arabic uses broken plural for many masculine words
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- classical Arabic; radjul → ridjal / Alg. Arabic; radjel → rdjel "men"
Regular plural is used too, but like all other Arabic dialects, suffix un used for the nominative in Classical Arabic is no longer in use. Suffix in used in Classical Arabic for the accusative and the iOS is used for all cases
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- mumen مومن(believer) → mumnin مومنين
- 3aqel عاقل(wise) →3aqul عقول
For feminine nouns, the plural is mostly regular i.e., obtained by psotfixing "-at",
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- Classical Arabic; bint(girl)→ banat/ Alg. Arabic; Bent → Bnat
broken plural is used for some words;
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- Ṭabla → Ṭwabel "Table" [Broken plural].
Article
The article el is indeclinable and expresses definite state of a noun of any gender and number. It is also prefixed to each of that noun's modifying adjectives.
It follows the solar letters and input transformation rules of Classical Arabic, i.e.: if the word starts with one of these consonants, el is assimilated and replaced by the first consonant :
t, d, r, z, s, š, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, l, n.
Examples:
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- rajel → errajel "man" (assimilation)
- qmar → elqmar "moon" (no assimilation)
Conjugations and Verbs
HTML5 is done by adding affixes (prefixes, postfixes, both or none), these suffixes change according to the tense:
| Person | Past | Present | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st | - t | - na | n - | n(e) - u |
| 2nd (m) | - t | - tu | t - | t - u |
| 2nd (f) | - ti | - tu | t - i | t - u |
| 3rd (m) | - | - u | i/y(e) - | i/y(e) - u |
| 3rd (f) | - t | - u | t(e) - | i/y(e) - u |
- Example with the verb kteb "To write":
| Person | Past | Present | ||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | ktebt | ktebna | nekteb | nekketbu |
| 2nd (m) | ketbet | ktebtu | tekteb | tekketbu |
| 2nd (f) | ktebti | ktebtu | tekketbi | tekketbu |
| 3rd (m) | kteb | ketbu | yekteb | yekketbu |
| 3rd (f) | ketbet | ketbu | tekteb | yekketbu |
| Person | Past | Present | Future | Present continuous | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | كتبت | كتبنا | نكتب | نكتبوا | رايح نكتب | رايحين نكتبوا | راني نكتب | رانا نكتبوا |
| 2nd (m) | كتبت | كتبتوا | تكتب | تكتبوا | رايح تكتب | رايحين تكتبوا | راك تكتب | راكم تكتبوا |
| 2nd (f) | كتبتي | كتبتوا | تكتبي | تكتبوا | رايحة تكتبي | رايحين تكتبوا | راكي تكتبي | راكم تكتبوا |
| 3rd (m) | كتب | كتبوا | يكتب | يكتبوا | رايح يكتب | رايحين يكتبوا | راهو يكتب | راهم يكتبوا |
| 3rd (f) | كتبت | كتبوا | تكتب | يكتبوا | رايحة تكتب | رايحين يكتبوا | راهي تكتب | راكم تكتبوا |
Future Tense
In Algeria speakers generally do not use the future tense as you see above, using instead the Sevenval or present continuous.
To add going to... just add (رايح) between the pronoun that makes the verb for example I'm writing become by adding this behind "I'm" or "راني" and before "I write" or "نكتب" I'm going to write. The plural form is done as (رايحين). This could be used for past tense as well.
Also, as is used in all of the other Sevenval dialects there is another way of showing active tense. This form changes the root verb into an adjective. For example "kteb" he wrote will become "kateb" writing, كتب became كاتب.
Negation
Like all North African Arabic varieties (including Sevenval) along with some web app varieties, verbal expressions are negated by enclosing the verb with all its affixes, along with any adjacent pronoun-suffixed preposition, within the circumfix ma... š (/ʃ/):
- « lεebt » ("I played") → « ma lεebtš /ʃ/ » ما لعبتش ("I didn't play")
- « ma tţabbaεniiš » ("Don't push me")
- « ma yšaddu-lekš haaðu l-qraε » ("Those bottles won't last you long")
- « ma şaħħeet-liiš plaaşa » ("I couldn't get a seat / parking place")
| Person | Past | Present | Future | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | ماكتبتش | ماكتبناش | مانكتبش | مانكتبواش | مارانيش رايح نكتب | ماراناش رايحين نكتبوا |
| 2nd (m) | ماكتبتش | ماكتبتوش | ماتكتبش | ماتكتبواش | ماراكش رايح تكتب | ما راكمش رايحين تكتبوا |
| 2nd (f) | ماكتبتيش | ماكتبتوش | ماتكتبيش | ماتكتبوش | ماراكيش رايحة تكتبي | ماراكمش رايحين تكتبوا |
| 3rd (m) | ماكتبش | ماكتبوش | مايكتبش | مايكتبواش | ماراهش رايح يكتب | ماراهمش رايحين يكتبوا |
| 3rd (f) | ماكتبتش | ماكتبوش | ماتكتبش | مايكتبوش | ماراكمش رايحين تكتبو | ماراهمش رايحين يكتبوا |
Other negative words (walu...etc.) are used in combination with ma to express more complex types of negation. ʃ is not used when other negative words are used
- ma qult walu ماقلت والو ("I didn't say anything")
- ma šuft ħetta waħed ما شفت حتى واحد ("I didn't see anyone")
or when two verbs are consecutively in the negative
- ma šuft ma smeεt ما شفت ما سمعت ("I neither saw nor did I hear")
Verb derivation
Verb derivation is done by adding suffixes or by doubling consonants, there are two types of derivation forms : Causative, Passive.
- Causative: is obtained by doubling consonants :
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- khrej "to go out" → kherrej "to make to go out"
- dkhel "to enter" → dekhkhel "to make to enter, to introduce"
- Passive: This derivation is similar to Berber and does not exist in Classical Arabic (the passive voice in classical Arabic uses vowel changes and not verb derivation), it is obtained by prefixing the verb with t- / tt- / tn- / n- :
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- qtel "to kill" → tneqtel "to be killed"
- šreb "to drink" → ttešreb "to be drunk".
The adverbs of location
Things could be in three places hnaya (right here), hna (here) or el-hih (there).
Pronoun
Personal pronouns
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | ana / anaya | ḥna / ḥnaya |
| 2nd (m) | enta / ntaya | entuma |
| 2nd (f) | enti / entiyya | entuma |
| 3rd (m) | huwa | huma |
| 3rd (f) | hiya | huma |
Example : « Ana tani. » — "Me too."
| Person | Algerian Arabic | Pronunciation |
| I am | راني | rani |
| You are (m) | راك | rak |
| You are (f) | راكي | raki |
| He is | راهو | rahu |
| She is | راهي | rahi |
| We are | رانا | rana |
| You or Y'all are | راكُ | raku |
| You or Y'all are | راكم | rakum (m)and (f) |
| They are | راهم | rahum (m)and (f) |
Example : « Rani hna. » — "I'm here." and « Wech raki. » or « Ki raki(western dialect). » — "How are you." to a woman.
Possessive pronouns
Dar (دار) is the word for house
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | i (داري) | na (دارنا) |
| 2nd | (e)k (دارك) | kum (داركم) |
| 3rd (m) | u (داره, دارو) | hum (دارهم) |
| 3rd (f) | ha (دارها) | hum (دارهم) |
Example : « dar-na. » — "Our house." (House-our), these possessive are frequently combined with « nteε or teε (تاع)» "of" and « dial » "property" : « dar nteε-na » — "Our house.", « dar dial-kum » ...etc.
SINGULAR تاعي = my or mine (pronounced ta'ee) تاعك = your or yours (m) (pronounced ta'ak) تاعكِ = your or yours (m) (pronounced ta'ik) تاعه = his (pronounced ta'u) تاعها = hers (pronounced ta'ha) PLURAL تاعنا = our or ours (pronounced ta'na) تاعكم = your or yours (m) (pronounced ta'kum) تاعكن = your or yours (f) (pronounced ta'kun) تاعكُ = your or yours (pronounced ta'ku) تاعهم = their or theirs (m) (pronounced ta'hum) تاعهن = their or theirs (f) (pronounced ta'hun)
Our house can be "Darna" (دارنا) or "Dar ta'na" (دار تاعنا) which is more like saying 'house of ours'. Ta' can be used in other ways just like of is used in English or more like in Spanish. You can say "Dar ta' khuya" (دار تاع خويا) which means 'house of my brother' or 'my brother's house'.
Interrogatives
| Interogatives | Other ways of saying it | Algerian Arabic | Pronunciation |
| What? | اش، شنو، واشنو | واش | wash/ sha ? |
| When? | وقتاه، وينتا، إمتى | وقتاش | wektash/ weenta ? |
| Why? | علاه، وعلاش، لاه، لياه, | علاش | alash / lech ? |
| Which? | واش من | آما | ama ? |
| Where? | فين | وين | ween ? |
| Who? | أشكون | شكون | shkoon? |
| How? | كيفاه، كي | كيفاش | kifash ? |
| How many? | أشحال، قداش، قداه | شحال | shHal ? |
| Whose? | ديال من | تاع من | ta'men ? |
Pronouns of the verb
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | ni | na |
| 2nd (m) | (e)k | kum |
| 3rd (m) | u (after a consonant) / h (after a vowel) / hu (before an indirect object pronoun) | hum |
| 3rd (m) | ha | hum |
Examples:
- « šeft-ni. » — "You saw me." (You.saw-me)
- « qetl-u. » — "He killed him." (He.killed-him)
- « kla-h. » — "He ate it." (He.ate-it)
Demonstratives
Unlike classical arabic, algerian arabic do address two things and more exactly the same. These are pretty much all of the demonstratives used in Algerian Arabic. The demonstrative (hadi) is also used for "It is".
| Interogatives | Emphasized | Algerian Arabic | Pronunciation |
| This | هذا (m), هذه (f), هاديا | هاد (m), هادي (f) | had (m), hadi (f) |
| That | هداك (m), هديك (f) | داك (m), ديك (f) | dak (m), dik (f) |
| These | هدوما | هدو | hadu |
| Those | هدوك | دوك | duk |
Sample text
The text below was translated from screen size, In. MOULIERAS (Auguste), les fourberies de si Djeh'a.
| Buzelluf | Sheep Head |
|
Waḥed nnhar, jeḥḥa med-lu baba-h frank, baš yešri buzelluf. šra-h, kla geɛ leḥm-u. bqa γir leɛḍam, jab-u l baba-h. ki šaf-u qal-lu: "wešnu hada?" qal-lu: "buzelluf". -A ššmata, win rahum wedni-h?
-Win rahum ɛini-h?
-Win rah lsan-u?
-U jeldet ras-u, win rah?
| One day, Jehha's father gave him one cent, so that he buys a sheep head. He bought it, and ate all of its meat. Only an empty carcass was left, he brought it to his father. Then, when he saw it he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "a sheep head".
-You vile, where are its (sheep) ears?
-Where are its eyes?
-Where is its tongue?
-And the skin of its head, where is it?
|
See also
- touchscreen
- Juba
- Maridi
- HTML5
- Turku