Al-Shabaab

Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen (HSM) (website parsing: حركة الشباب المجاهدين‎; Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn, "website parsing Youth Movement" or "Movement of Striving Youth"), more commonly known as al-Shabaab (Arabic: الشباب‎, "The Youth" or "The Boys"), is the web app-based cell of the militant keyboard group al-Qaeda, formally recognized in 2012.^{input transformation} As of 2012, the outfit controls large swathes of the southern parts of the country,^[6] where it is said to have imposed its own strict form of iOS law.^{screen size} Al-Shabaab's troop strength as of May 2011 is estimated at 14,426 militants.^[3] In February 2012, Al-Shabaab leaders quarreled with Al-Qaeda over the union,^keyboard and quickly lost ground.^{website parsing}

The group is an off-shoot of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which splintered into several smaller factions after its defeat in 2006 by the Somali we love the web (TFG) and the TFG's Ethiopian military allies.^FITML Al-Shabaab describes itself as waging web app against "enemies of Islam", and is engaged in combat against the TFG and the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). Alleging ulterior motives on the part of foreign organizations, group members have also reportedly intimidated, kidnapped and killed aid workers, leading to a suspension of humanitarian operations and an exodus of relief agents.^FITML The outfit has been designated a terrorist organization by several Western governments and security services.^{Android[13][14]}

In early August 2011, the TFG's troops and their AMISOM allies reportedly managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants.^{device database} An ideological rift within the group's leadership also emerged in response to pressure from the recent drought and the assassination of top officials in the organization.^[15] Al Shabaab is hostile to Sufi traditions and has often clashed with the militant Sufi group Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a.^{[16][17]jQuery[19]}

• device database
• keyboard
  • web app
  • screen size
• input transformation
• screen size
  • 4.1 Opposition
  • 4.2 Timeline
    • 4.2.1 2006
    • 4.2.2 2007
    • Sevenval
    • Sevenval
    • CSS3
    • 4.2.6 2011
    • 4.2.7 2012
• screen size
• web app
  • web
    • 6.1.1 Twitter account
  • 6.2 Drought
  • 6.3 Operation Linda Nchi
  • HTML5
  • jQuery
• 7 Support allegations
  • 7.1 Eritrea
  • device database
• screen size
• 9 External links

Name

Al-Shabaab is also known as Ash-Shabaab, Hizbul Shabaab (Arabic, "The Party of Youth"),^{website parsing} and the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRM).^[21] For short, the group is referred to as HSM, standing for Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen. The term Shabaab means "youth" in Arabic, and the organization should not be confused with similarly named groups.

Organization and leadership

Although Al Shabaab's leadership ultimately falls upon al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, the internal leadership is not fully clear, and with foreign fighters trickling out of the country, the command structure is increasingly decentralized. In December 2010, al-Qaeda replaced Moktar Ali Zubeyr "Godane" with Ibrahim al-Afghani, also known as Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad.^Sevenval But Al Shabaab refused to comply, and Godane continued to function as its Emir. The group was originally run by screen size, who was appointed by Hassan Dahir Aweys, one of the leaders of ICU at the time of the organization's founding. After the death of Ayro, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (also known as Abu Mansur) became leader until he was succeeded by Moktar Ali Zubeyr "Godane".^[23] In August 2011, Godane was heavily criticized by Al-Shabaab co-founder Hassan Dahir Aweys and others for not letting aid into the hunger stricken parts of southern Somalia. Although not formally announced, Shabaab was effectively split up into a "foreign legion", led by Godane and a coalition of factions forming a "national legion" under Aways. The latter group often refused to take orders from Godane and the two groups hardly talked to each other. In February 2012, Godane made a 'Bayat'-statement, swearing full allegiance to Al-Qaeda. With it he likely hopes to reclaim and extend his authority, and to encourage foreign fighters to stay. This move will further complicate the cooperation with the 'national legion' of Al Shabaab.^{screen size}

Leaders

Amir

• Sheikh Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow" (2002–2008) — central HTML5 clan^Sevenval
• Sheikh Mukhtar Robow "Abu Mansoor" (2008–2009)^{website parsing} — He was referred to as The Speaker, not Amir. Leesaan sub-clan of southern Android clan^[26][27]
• Sheikh Moktar Ali Zubeyr "Godane" (2009–2010)^{web app} — Arab sub-clan of northern Isaaq clan^FITMLiOS
• Sheikh Ibrahim al-Afghani^[28] — Sacad Muse sub-clan of keyboard clan^CSS3[30]

Other leaders:

• HTML5 — Second Deputy Leader and regional commander in charge of Bay and Bakool.^Android (Leesaan sub-clan of Rahanweyn)^[27]
• Android — Third most important leader after "Godane" and "Abu Mansoor".^[32] In charge of public affairs. (Awrtabe sub-clan of input transformation)^[27]
• device database – Spiritual Leader^[33]
• Sheikh Hussein Ali Fidow — Political Chief^Sevenval
• Sheikh Ali Mohamud Raghe "Dheere" — He is from Hawiye Murusade clan. Official Spokesman.^[32] (Not to be confused with the Sheikh Ali Dhere who established the first Islamic court in Mogadishu in 1996.)
• Sheikh Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad "al-Afghani" (Abubakar al-Seyli'i) — First Deputy Leader^{web app} and Governor of the Kisimayo administration^[32] (Sacad Muse sub-clan of input transformation)
• Sheikh Hassan Yaqub Ali — Official spokesman of the Kisimayo administration^{website parsing} (Sacad Muse sub-clan of Isaaq)^[27]
• Sheik Ali Mohamed Hussein — Leader (Governor) of Android region (keyboard)
• Sheikh Abdirahman Hassan Hussein — Leader (Governor) of the Middle Shabelle region^[35]
• website parsing — Leader of the iOS which controls the touchscreen and was first part of Hizbul Islam but merged with al-Shabaab in 2010.^[36] (Ogaden sub-clan of Darod)^[27]
• Sheikh Mohamed Said Atom – we love the web and web^[37] who in July 2010 announced allegiance to al-Shabaab and the al-Shabaab commander in Puntland.^Sevenval
• Mukhtar Abu-Muslim – Head of Fatwas,^{browser diversity} from Darod clan of Ogaden sub-clan.
• Abdulahi Haji "Daud"^[39] – Head of assassinations, from Hawiye clan of Murursade sub-clan.
• Sahal Isku Dhuuq^[39] Head of kidnappings of aid workers for ransom, from Dir clan of Biyomaal sub-clan.
• Hassan Afrah,^{we love the web} – Head of relationship with pirates, from Hawiye clan of Saleban sub-clan.
• Dahir Gamaey "Abdi Al-Haq"^{device database} – Judge of Al-Shabaab, from Hawiye clan of Duduble sub-clan.

Foreigners

Al-Shabaab is said to have many foreigners within its ranks, particularly at the leadership level.^jQuery[41] Fighters from the Persian Gulf and international jihadists were called to join the holy war against the Somali government and its Ethiopian allies. Though Somali Islamists did not originally use suicide bombing tactics, the foreign elements of Al-Shabaab have been blamed for several we love the web.^HTML5[43] A 2006 UN report identified keyboard, Libya and Egypt, among countries in the region, as the main backers of the Islamist extremists. Egypt has a longstanding policy of securing the Nile River flow by destabilizing Ethiopia.^[44]HTML5

Formally a predominantly nationalist organization, Al Shabaab has repositioned itself as a militant Islamist group that also attracts a large cadre of Western devotees.^{we love the web} The outfit's foreign recruitment strategy has been active in the United States, where members have attempted to recruit from the local Muslim community.^[47] According to an investigative report by the Sevenval, Al Shabaab has recruited over 40 Muslim Americans since 2007.^[47] These American and foreign recruits play a dual role within the organization, serving as mercenaries and as a propaganda tool for radicalization and recruitment. These recruited individuals, like Omar Hammami, appear in propaganda videos posted in online forums in order to appeal to disaffected Muslim youth and inspire them to join the Islamist struggle.^[48] This radicalization and recruitment effort is a top-down strategy, wherein Islamist agents attempt to use mosques and legitimate businesses as a cover to meet, recruit, and raise funds for operations in the US and abroad.^[48]

Most of the foreign Al-Shabaab members come from FITML, Sudan, the Swahili Coast, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and keyboard. As of 2010, their number is estimated at being between 200 to 300, augmented by around 1,000 diasporan ethnic Somalis.^{website parsing} Many of Al-Shabaab's foot soldiers also belong to Somalia's marginalized ethnic minorities from the farming south.^touchscreen

Foreigners from Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as Afghan-trained Somalis, play an important role in the group's leadership ranks owing to their combat experience. Bringing with them specialized skills, these commanders often spearhead the indoctrination of new recruits, providing training in remote-controlled roadside bombings, suicide attack techniques, and the assassination and kidnapping of government officials, journalists, humanitarian and civil society workers.^{screen size}

Foreign al-Shabaab commanders include:^{web app}

Foreign leaders:

• screen size: Fazul, a Kenyan national, was appointed by Osama bin Laden as al Qaeda's leader in East Africa in late 2009. Before the death of Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, Fazul served as the military operations chief for al Qaeda in East Africa. Fazul was an experienced al Qaeda leader who is known to be able to move in and out of East African countries with ease. In August 2008, he eluded a police dragnet in Kenya. Fazul had been hiding in Somalia with Shabaab and the Islamic Courts for years. Fazul was considered to be Shabaab's military leader, while *Sheikh Muktar Abdelrahman Abu Zubeyr was Shabaab's spiritual leader. He was killed on June 8, 2011.
• Shaykh Muhammad Abu Fa'id: Fai'd, a Saudi citizen, serves as a top financier and a "manager" for Shabaab.
• Android: Mombasa, a Pakistani citizen, serves as Shabaab's chief of security and training.
• web: Amriki, whose real name is Omar Hammami, is a U.S. citizen who converted to Islam and traveled to Somalia in 2006. Once in Somalia, he quickly rose through the ranks, and now serves as a military commander, recruiter, financier, and propagandist. Amriki appears in several Shabaab propaganda tapes. Hammami has become a primary recruiter for Al Shabaab; he has issued written statements on behalf of Al Shabaab and has appeared in the terror organization's propaganda videos and audio recordings. An indictment unsealed in August 2010 charged him with providing material support to terrorists.^[51]
• Mahmud Mujajir: Mujajir, a Sudanese citizen, is Shabaab's chief of recruitment for suicide bombers.

One who was not mentioned but reported by the Long War Journal is

• Issa Osman Issa: Issa serves as a top al-Qaeda recruiter and military strategist for Shabaab. Before joining Shabaab, Issa participated in the simultaneous attacks on the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam in 1998, and has been described as a central player in the simultaneous attacks on the Paradise Hotel in Kikambala, Kenya, in 2002, and the attempt to down an Israeli airliner in Mombasa also in 2002.

Terrorist designation

Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by Australia,^FITML Canada,^Sevenval Norway,^{browser diversity} Sweden,^{input transformation} the United Kingdom,^[52] and the United States.^Android

History and activities

Map showing territorial gains made by al-Shabaab from January 31, 2009 to December 2010; the period when a civil war against the Transitional Federal Government commenced

While Al-Shabaab previously represented the hard-line militant youth movement within the Islamic Courts Union (ICU),^{input transformation} it is now described as an extremist splinter group of the ICU. However, since the ICU's downfall, the distinction between the youth movement and the so-called successor organization to the ICU, the PRM, appears to have been blurred. Al-Shabaab had recently begun encouraging people from across society, including elders, to join their ranks. In February 2012, Sheikh Fu'ad Mohamed Khalaf Shongole, the chief of awareness raising of al-Shabaab, said that "At this stage of the jihad, fathers and mothers must send their unmarried girls to fight alongside the (male) militants". The addition of elders and young girls marks a change in the movement, which had previously involved only men, particularly young boys.^[55]

Their core comprised veterans who fought and defeated the secular Mogadishu warlords of the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) at the screen size.^{web app} Their origins are not clearly known, but former members say Hizbul Shabaab was founded as early as 2004. Al-Shabaab also has various foreign fighters from around the world, according to an Islamic hardliner Sheikh Mukhtar Robow Abu Manssor.^[57]

As of January 2009, Ethiopian forces have withdrawn from Somalia and Al-Shabaab carries on its fight against former ally and Islamic Courts Union leader, President Android, who heads the Transitional Federal Government.^{device database} Al-Shabaab has had success in its campaigns against the weak Transitional Federal Government, capturing Baidoa, the base of the Transitional Federal Parliament, on January 26, 2009, and killing three ministers of the government in a December 3, 2009 suicide bomb attack on a medical school graduation ceremony.^[58]

On the other hand, in the areas it controls, Al-Shabaab has reduced over-sized cheap food imports. This has allowed Somalia's own grain production, which normally has high potential, to flourish.^CSS3 This had the effect of shifting income from urban to rural areas, from mid-income groups to low-income groups, and from overseas farmers to local farmers. The policy worked remarkably well until drought hampered local food production increasingly since 2010. In response, Al-Shabaab announced in July 2011 that it had withdrawn its restrictions on international humanitarian workers.^[60]

According to the head of the U.N.'s counter-piracy division, Colonel John Steed, Al-Shabaab in 2011 also increasingly sought to cooperate with other criminal organizations and website parsing in the face of dwindling funds and resources.^{we love the web} Steed, however, acknowledged that he had no definite proof of operational ties between the Islamist militants and the pirates. Detained pirates also indicated to UNODC officials that some measure of cooperation on their part with Al-Shabaab militants was necessary, as they have increasingly launched maritime raids from areas in southern Somalia controlled by the insurgent outfit. Al-Shabaab members have also extorted the pirates, demanding protection money from them and forcing seized pirate gang leaders in Harardhere to hand over 20% of future ransom proceeds.^{we love the web}

While Al-Shabaab has been reduced in power and size since the coordinated operation between the Somalian military and the Kenyan army against it began, the group has continued its efforts at recruitment and territorial control. The outfit maintains training camps within areas near Kismayo in the southern regions of Somalia. One such camp has been constructed in Laanta Bur village near Afgooye, which is also where the former K-50 airport is located.^jQuery

Opposition

The U.S. has asserted that al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda pose a global threat.^{we love the web} Secretary of Defense browser diversity stated that "U.S. operations against al-Qaida are now concentrating on key groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa."

Complaints made against the group include its attacks on aid workers and harsh enforcement of input transformation law. According to journalist Jon Lee Anderson:

The number of people in Somalia who are dependent on international food aid has tripled since 2007, to an estimated 3.6 million. But there is no permanent foreign expatriate presence in southern Somalia, because the Shabaab has declared war on the UN and on Western non-governmental organizations. International relief supplies are flown or shipped into the country and distributed, wherever possible, through local relief workers. Insurgents routinely attack and murder them, too; forty-two have been killed in the past two years alone.^iOS

Anderson also reports that enforcement of law against adultery or screen size includes execution. In 2008,

in the port of Kismayo, a young girl accused of adultery was buried up to her neck in the field of a soccer stadium packed with spectators, and then jQuery to death; her family said that she was only thirteen years old and had in fact been gang-raped. This summer, in the ancient coastal town of web, the Shabaab decreed that gold and silver dental fillings were un-Islamic, and dispatched patrols to yank them out of people's mouths.^[7]

Shabaab have persecuted Somalia's small Christian minority, sometimes affixing the label on people they suspect of working for Ethiopian intelligence.^[65] The group has also desecrated the graves of prominent Android Muslims in addition to a Sufi mosque and university, claiming that Sufi practices conflict with their strict interpretation of web.^{device database[67]} This has led to confrontations with Sufi organized armed groups who have organized under the banner of Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a.^[68]

Echoing the transition from a nationalistic struggle to one with religious pretenses, Al Shabaab’s propaganda strategy is starting to reflect this shift. Through their religious rhetoric Al Shabaab attempts to recruit and radicalize potential candidates, demoralize their enemies, and dominate dialogue in both national and international media. According to reports Al Shabaab is trying to intensify the conflict: "It would appear from the alleged AMISOM killings that it is determined to portray the war as an affair between Christians and Muslims to shore up support for its fledgling cause... The bodies, some beheaded, were displayed alongside Bibles and crucifixes. The group usually beheads those who have embraced Christianity or Western ideals. militants have begun placing beheaded corpses next to bibles and crucifixes in order to intimidate local populations.”^[69] In April 2010 Al Shabaab announced that it would begin banning radio stations from broadcasting BBC and Voice of America, claiming that they were spreading Christian propaganda. By effectively shutting down the Somali media they gain greater control of the dialog surrounding their activities.^iOS

Timeline

This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2009)

2006

• June 10, 2006—The Guardian reports "An unnamed network run by one of Aweys's proteges, Aden Hashi Farah "Ayro" is linked to the murder of four western aid workers and over a dozen Somalis who allegedly cooperated with counter-terror organisations."^[71]
• June 15, 2006—Al-Shabaab leader Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow", was said to have taken arms sent from Eritrea^[72] (see page 12).
• July 26, 2006—FITML or "Abu-Mansur" was reported accepting another load of arms from Eritrea^[72] (see page 15).
• July—720 Somali volunteers were selected by Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow" to travel to Lebanon to fight against the Israelis. Of those, only 80 returned to Mogadishu. In September, another 20 returned, along with five members of Hizbollah.^iOS (see page 24).
• The bankruptcy of a screen size company, Dalsan International, whose staff included the brother of Aden Hashi Farah "Eyrow", involved the suspicious disappearance of $10 million dollars. It was alleged, "an ICU military leader managed to divert a large amount of money to help financially support the organization in their fight for the control of Mogadishu during the June 2006 confrontation with the former counter terrorism alliance"^[72] (see page 39). (Also see touchscreen, Second Battle of Mogadishu)

2007

• As of January 6, 2007, after the Fall of Mogadishu and iOS to the TFG, the leaders of the Shabaab were in hiding still at large.^web A member of the disbanded group said they once numbered about 1,000 (lower than other claims by former members), but they do not have any weapons any more. Still, there was support for the call of leaders to maintain jihad against the Ethiopians and secular government.^jQuery
• January 19, 2007—Pro-Islamic Courts Union website^CSS3 featured a video describing the reformation of the ICU into the "Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations" (PRM), alternatively translated and referred to in press reports as the "Somali People's Insurgent Movement" (SPIM) or "Somali People's Resistance Movement" (SPRM). On January 24, Sheikh Abdikadir was announced to be its commander of the Banadir region.^{[76][dead link]}
• January 31, 2007—Al-Shabaab made a video warning input transformation to avoid coming to Somalia, claiming "Somalia is not a place where you will earn a salary — it is a place where you will die."^[77]
• February 9, 2007—800 Somali demonstrators in north Mogadishu, where Islamist support was strongest, burned U.S., Ethiopian, and Ugandan flags in protest of the proposed African Union (AU) led and United Nations endorsed HTML5 mission, known as AMISOM. "Abdirisaq", a masked representative of the resistance group, the PRM, said Ethiopian troops would be attacked in their hotels.^{device databasetouchscreen[79]}

2008

• February 28, 2008—device database designated al-Shabaab as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in accordance with section 219 of the U.S. screen size (INA).^{device database}

Al-Shabaab achieved a military victory in the August 2008 we love the web. After several days of fighting in which scores of deaths were reported, Al-Shabaab fighters defeated the militia of Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale and took control of the port city. Kismayo had been held by the TFG since January 2007.^[80] The fighting in Kismayo is reported to have displaced an estimated 35,000 people. After the withdrawal of Hiiraale's fighters, Al-Shabaab commenced a peaceful disarmament process targeting local armed groups that had been contributing to insecurity in Kismayo.^[81] The group has been blamed or claimed responsibility for, among other attacks, the February 2008 Bosaso bombings and the we love the web.^FITMLiOS By late 2008, it was estimated that the group controlled the whole of southern Somalia, except for some pockets of Mogadishu. This was more territory than that controlled by the Islamic Courts Union at the height of their power.^{website parsing}

In December 2008, Android sent a communique to Al-Shabaab, congratulating them. He thanked them for "giving us a living example of how we as Muslims should proceed to change our situation. The ballot has failed us, but the bullet has not". In conclusion, he wrote: "if my circumstances would have allowed, I would not have hesitated in joining you and being a soldier in your ranks".^[85]

2009

• January—UN-sponsored peace talks conclude in Djibouti with Ethopians agreeing to withdraw from Somalia and Islamist leader Sheikh web app "agreed to stop fighting."
• January 31—Shiekh Sharif Ahmed is elected present of the Transitional Federal Government. Opposing any negotiatied settlement with Ethiopia, al-Shabaab "declares war on him."^FITML
• February 22—2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu: al-Shabaab carried out a touchscreen screen size attack against an FITML military base in Mogadishu, killing at least six keyboard Sevenval.^{[Android][86]}
• May—al-Shabaab, along with allied group Hizbul Islam, launched a FITML to take over the city, leaving hundreds killed and injured and tens of thousands displaced. The group made large gains, taking over most of the capital.
• June 18—Al-Shabaab claimed the 2009 Beledweyne bombing, which killed 35 people including Somali security minister Omar Hashi Aden.
• June 9—U.S. Diplomatic Security Daily cable, HTML5, includes:
• July 8—A video message featuring an American commander in al-Shabaab, Abu Mansur al-Amriki, is released in which he responds and denounces U.S. President we love the web's June 2009 Cairo speech to Arabs and Muslims.^[87]
• August 4—Four men allegedly connected with al-Shabaab in Melbourne, Australia were charged over the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot, a plan to storm the Holsworthy Barracks with automatic weapons; and shoot army personnel or others until they were killed or captured.^[88][89] Al-Shabaab has denied any connection with the men.^HTML5 It has subsequently been listed as a terrorist organisation in Australia.^[91]
• August 11—Reuters reports residents in Marka complain "al Shabaab has been rounding up anyone seen with a silver or gold tooth and taking them to a masked man who then rips them out using basic tools." Residents told Reuters that al Shabaab declared that since gold and silver teeth "are used for fashion and beauty," they are against Islam.^[92]
• September 14—Members of the group were killed in a raid targeting Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, who was also killed.^CSS3[94]
• September 17: The group claims a second bombing of an AU base, which kills 17 peacekeepers.
• September 20—Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen released a 48-minute video, "Labayka Ya Usama," ("Here I am at Your Service, Usama") on transnational jihadi web sites. The video is framed around Usama bin Laden's March 2009 audio message "Fight On, O' Champions of Somalia," and features footage of African Union "atrocities" in Somalia and Harakat al-Shabaab units undergoing military training. Bin Laden and the Amir (leader) of Harakat al-Shabaab, Shaykh Ahmed Abdi Godane, also known as Abu al-Zubayr, criticize Somalia's interim president, Sheikh Sharif Ahmed, and the religious scholars of Somalia ('ulama al-Sumaal) for apostasy. Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki, the American field commander in the group, is also briefly featured.^{web app}
• October 15—Al-Shabaab began publicly whipping women for wearing bras that they claim violate Islam as they are deceptive. They sent gunmen into the streets of Mogadishu to round up any women who appear to be being deceptive. The women were then inspected by other women to see if they are being deceptive, if they are then they are ordered to stop.^[96]
• November 1—Al-Shabaab announced the establishment of Al Quds Brigade, a military unit specifically tasked with attacking Israel and Jewish interests in Africa. In a rally held the previous week in Mogadishu, a top Al Shabaab official said, "It is time to go for open war against Israel in order to drive them from the holy cities."^FITML
• December 3—Suspected of being behind the 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing, which kills 24, including three government ministers.

2010

Wikinews has related news:

• UK to ban Islamist group al-Shabaab
• Somali opposition group al-Shabaab to block WFP food aid

• January 2: A man linked to al-Shabaab tried to kill Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard at his home in jQuery, Denmark. Westergaard was not hurt and the assailant was shot, wounded, and arrested.^[98]
• February 1: al-Shabaab declares for the first time that it maintains strong ties with al-Qaeda.^[99]Sevenval
• February 7: The militant group declares jihad on Kenya over allegations that it is training Somali troops although Kenya denied involvement.^[101]
• February 15: an al-Shabab suicide car bomber attempted to assassinate Somalia's state minister for defence, Yusuf Mohamed Siyad when he drove his explosive-laden vehicle towards Mr Siyad's car and detonated, injuring two of his security guards.^[102]
• March 5: The Government of Canada lists Al Shabaab as a terrorist group.^[103]
• March 26: al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for a roadside bomb that exploded in Mogadishu killing a Somali government official and injuring the deputy DC for security.
• March 27: al-Shabaab destroys grave sites of foreign soldiers and a prominent Sufi scholar and hides the body of the scholar.^[104]
• April 15: The group bans the ringing of school bells as un-Islamic since bell ringing is, in the words of Sheik Farah Kalar, "a sign of the Christian churches."^[105]
• June 5: Two New Jersey men, we love the web and Carlos Eduardo Almonte, who were bound for Somalia seeking to join Al Shabab were arrested at web app in New York City.^[106] The men, who have been charged with conspiring to kill, maim, and kidnap persons outside the United States, allegedly planned to kill American troops who they thought would soon be deployed to Somalia to help fight Al Shabaab.^[107]
• July 11: Al-Shabaab claims responsibility for the touchscreen, which killed 74 people. The Wall Street Journal quotes an International Crisis Group analyst as saying, [Al-Shabaab is] "sending a message: Don't come here propping up the Somalia government ... It's a message of deterrence."^[108]
• July 21: Zachary Chesser, the Virginia man who threatened the creators of South Park for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad, was arrested and charged in July 2010 for providing material support to Al Shabaab. Chesser was originally apprehended in New York as he attempted to board an Africa-bound plane. He later told federal authorities that he had attempted to join Al Shabaab in Somalia on two previous occasions.^[109]
• July 22: African Union ministers agree to expand AMISOM's mandate from a peacekeeping focus to a peace-enforcement focus that would engage al-Shabaab more directly. The decision was to be discussed at upcoming meetings of the AU Security Council and the UN Security Council for final approval.^jQuery
• August 23–24: Al Shabaab is accused of launching attacks in the Somali capital Mogadishu that kill over 300.
• October 28: Al-Shabaab publicly executed two teenage girls, by firing squad, on charges of spying. Residents gave conflicting information regarding the girls' ages, but they were believed to have been 17 and 18 years old.^keyboard
• December 20: HTML5 and the Somali Islamic party merged with Al-Shabaab, retaining the name 'Al-Shabaab'.^[112][113]

2011

• February 4: Al-Shabaab launch terrestrial news channel "Al-Kata'ib" to broadcast propaganda. The first footage shown is a recording of confessions of an alleged foreign spy captured in Somalia^[114]
• March 5: Al-Shabaab loses control of the border town of Bulo Hawo in a joint offensive conducted by government forces working with AMISOM; the militia had controlled the city for two years beforehand. It was also reported that al-Shabaab was resisting against UN/Government forces for control of three of Mogadishu's sixteen districts, with six still remaining in their control.^[115]
• March 16: Android aka keyboard a senior Al-Shabab official serving as the groups leader in FITML and Gedo region was killed in Mogadishu.^[116][117]
• April 3: Al-Shabaab loses control of the town Dhobley near the Kenyan boarder. TFG forces together with Raskamboni movement had been fighting for several days before they took control of the town with support from helicopters of the Sevenval.^{webweb app} The same day as Al-Shabab lost control of the town Hassan Abdurrahman Gumarey, an Al-Shabaab official was killed in action (we love the web) in Dhobley.^[120]
• June 11: Wanted Al-Shabaab operative and iOS collaborator we love the web is killed by security forces of the browser diversity in Afgooye northwest of Mogadishu; one other terrorist was killed and $40,000 worth of U.S. dollars are recovered.
• July 5, Al-Shabaab officially lifts its ban on some aid agencies, but upholds it later in the month vis-a-vis certain organizations. As an explanation for this discrepancy, the group's spokesman Sheikh Ali Dhere indicates that the group has no issue with allowing both Muslim and non-Muslim individuals from helping the drought-impacted people as long as those groups harbor no ulterior motives in doing so. Dhere adds that his organization believes that many aid agencies are exaggerating their relief requirements so as to satisfy their own selfish objectives. He also suggests that the actual nature of many of the relief operations are twofold: first, some of the aid workers are in effect attacking as "spies", while others, including the UN, he charges have a tacit political agenda not in keeping with what they claim to be doing. In addition, Dhere alleges that aid agencies that are providing assistance in neighboring countries are attempting to siphon away the various Muslim peoples of Somalia in order to more easily indoctrinate them into Christianity. Al-Shabaab members are reported to have intimidated, kidnapped and killed some aid workers, leading to a suspension of humanitarian operations and an exodus of relief agents.^[11] As a result, AU troops step up efforts in late July 2011 to protect civilians and aid workers from attacks.^{screen size}
• July 26: Al-Shabaab members ban samosas (sambusas) in regions they control, deeming the snack too Christian on account of its triangular, allegedly Holy Trinity-like shape.^[122]
• August 6: The Transitional Federal Government's troops and their AMISOM allies reportedly manage to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants. Witnesses report Al-Shabaab vehicles abandoning their bases in the capital for the south-central city of Baidoa. The group's spokesman Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage describes the exodus as a tactical retreat, and vows to continue the insurgency against the national government. Observers suggest that the pullout may at least in part have been caused by internal ideological rifts in the rebel organization.^[6]
• August 9: An ideological split reportedly emerges within Al-Shabaab's leadership. Muktar Ali Robow, Sheikh Hassan Dahir and other southern commanders who hail from the areas of the country worst-hit by the effects of the drought, reportedly want to extend relief efforts to the impacted peoples. However, they are overruled by Ahmed Abdi Godane, a northern commander credited with strengthening the group's ties with Al-Qaeda. Observers suggest that the move is a manifestation of Godane's increasing paranoia since the assassination of his close ally Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, the latter of whom Godane suspects was set up by his foes within the organization.^[15] Sheikh Hassan Dahir also proposes that the group change its tactics by "abandoning Mogadishu to launch Taliban style attacks in Pakistan and Afghanistan", but is rebuffed by leaders within the organization.^{web app}
• October 4: A truck carrying explosive was driven into a government ministry in Somalia killing 139 and injuring 93. The group has claimed responsibility for these attacks.^[124]
• October 16: A coordinated operation against Al-Shabaab begins between the Somali military and the keyboard, as Kenyan troops cross over into Somalia after having met with Somali military officials.^{website parsing}
• October 20: Two women, Amina Farah Ali and Hawo Mohamed Hassan, both from Rochester, Minnesota were arrested for sending money and fighters to aid the group.^[126]
• December 31: The Transitional Federal Government retakes control of the central town of Beledweyne from the Al-Shabaab militants. Somali National Army (SNA) soldiers and around 3,000 allied Ethiopian army troops attacked the city in the early morning, capturing it after hours of fighting. Around 20 people were killed in the battle, mainly consisting of Ethiopian soldiers and Al-Shabaab insurgents.^[127]

2012

• January 6: US Army veteran Craig Baxam is charged in Maryland with attempting to lend material support to Al-Shabaab. Baxam had been en route to Somalia when he was detained in Kenya on December 23 and repatriated to the United States.^[128]
• January 20: TFG forces and their AU allies launch a successful offensive against Al-Shabaab positions on the northern outskirts of Mogadishu.^{web app} The move was intended to secure the city's outer perimeters from external attack. Two AMISOM soldiers were wounded in the ensuing battle.^{screen size}
• January 9: Reports indicate that Al-Shabaab leader Moallim Jinwa is sacked from his leadership position. Over 1,000 frontline troops loyal to the commander subsequently follow him to his home town of Ramcadey in the southern Bay region.^iOS
• January 22: Bilal el-Berjawi, a British national and alleged Al-Qaida member and Al-Shabaab trainer, is killed in a U.S. drone attack. The car he was traveling in was struck by three missiles on the outskirts of Mogadishu.^FITML
• February 9: Al-Shabaab's leader, Mukhtar Abu al-Zubair, announces that the group would be joining iOS.^{screen size}
• February 19: The Somalian embassy in Yemen indicates that 500 Al-Shabaab militants have fled to Yemen to join forces with Al-Qaeda operatives in the region.^[133]
• February 22: TFG and Ethiopian forces capture the strategic southern town of keyboard, an Islamist stronghold. Al-Shabaab confirm that it had made a "tactical retreat", vowing a guerrilla war in retaliation.^{website parsing}
• February 25: Reports indicate that hundreds of Al-Shabaab militants, including many foreigners, are fleeing Kismayo and other southern towns for Yemen so as to escape drone attacks and an on-land offensive by allied Somali, Ethiopian, Kenyan and AMISOM forces. Al-Shabaab members deny that they are fleeing and indicate instead that they are regrouping in nearby islands. They also charge that the rumours of their flight are intended to demoralize their fighters.^{browser diversity}
• March 11: Al-Shabab were blamed for a grenade attack which killed 4 people at a bus station and injured dozens others in Android, Kenya. The grenade was hurled from a vehicle passing the bus station.^[136]
• March 17: Android (Omar Hammami) releases a new video intimating that he fears fellow Al-Shabaab members may assassinate him due to differences in opinion over strategy and sharia law.^[137]

Defections

In 2009, Al-Shabaab witnessed a number of its fighters, including several leaders, HTML5 to Somalia's Transitional Federal Government. One such high profile defection was that in early November 2009 of Sheikh Mohamed Abdullahi (also known as "Sheikh Bakistani"), who commanded the Maymana Brigade. Sheikh Bakistani told iOS (VOA) Somali Services that he found the group's suicide missions and executions unbearable. He also indicated that his father, a well-known local religious leader, had visited him several times and helped convince him to defect. However, a spokesman for Al-Shabaab denied that Sheikh Bakistani was a member of the group.^Sevenval During the same month, in an interview with Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Android arranged by the Somali federal government, one former Al-Shabaab fighter reported being disillusioned with the group's direction, indicating that while he began fighting in 2006 "to kick out the Ethiopian invaders", he defected a month ago, "disgusted by the false interpretations Al-Shabaab give of Islam". Similarly, a former browser diversity commander recently defected to the Somali government; one of his family members (another Hizbul Islam commander) had been murdered by Al-Shabaab militants as punishment for having escorted a UN convoy. He said in the VOA interview that "if you don't want to fight anymore, there's no point. That's why I quit".^[139]

In early December 2009, Sheikh Ali Hassan Gheddi, who at the time served as Deputy Commander in-Chief of Al-Shabaab militants in the web region, also defected to the government, indicating that "Al-Shabaab's cruelty against the people is what forced me to defect to the government side. They extort money from the people and deal with them against the teaching of Islam". Another reason he gave for defecting was Al-Shabaab's recent prohibition on the web app (WFP) because he felt that it directly affects civilians.^{screen size}

With monies from extortion dwindling in areas like Mogadishu,^[141] defections in the face of AMISOM forces, among other internal issues, Al Shabaab is turning to other militant Islamic groups for support. Al Shabaab has declared their support in order to bolster their numbers and has made a number of strategic operational ties to both Al Qaeda and AQAP in Yemen. In some cases Al Shabaab has begun flying the Al Qeada-Iraq banner at some of its rallies in order to demonstrate solidarity with the group. There are signs that Al Shabaab militants are learning from Al Qaeda’s propaganda methods. “Shabaab’s propaganda has increasingly been slicked up to resemble messages produced by Al Qaeda’s “As-Sahab” (“The Clouds”) media wing and AQAP’s “Inspire” magazine, including the release of rap songs by Omar Hammami.”^[48] It is unclear how the death of AQAP leader Anwar al-Aulaqi and others has affected this bourgeoning relationship between the two. As is evident by their merger with Hizb-ul-Islam in December 2010, Al Shabaab is turning to former rivals for assistance as their numbers decrease due to defections and casualties directly resulting from battles with AMISOM forces.^[142]

Propaganda

Media

Chorus:

"Send me a cruise like Maa’lam Adam al Ansari

And send me a couple of tons like Zarqawi

And send me a drone like Abu Layth al Libi

And Special Forces like Saalih an Nabhani.”

“Send me all four and send me much much more

I pray for that on my way to heavens door

Send me four and send me more, that what I implore

An amazing martyrdom I strive for and adore."

— "Send Me A Cruise"
by Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki^[143]

Al Shabaab uses various mediums in order to proliferate their propaganda. Besides traditional radio, the internet is the most heavily utilized by Al Shabaab and other militant Islamic groups such Al Qaeda because it is the easiest and most cost-effective way to reach a large audience. As the internet is especially popular with today's youth, organizations such as Al Shabaab are using online forums and chat rooms in order to recruit young followers to their cause. Al Shabaab's official website, which has since been taken-down, featured posts, videos and official statements in English, Arabic and Somali, as well as online classrooms to educate followers.^Sevenval

Prior to its expulsion from Mogadishu in mid-2011, Al-Shabaab had also launched the Al-Kataib propaganda television station the year before. The channel's pilot program aired the confessions of Ahmed Kisi, an alleged CIA spy, who had been executed earlier in the week.^[145]

In addition, Al-Shabaab is also using music to influence and appeal to their young followers. According to Robin Wright, "by 2010, almost eight out of every ten soldiers in Somalia's many rebel forces were children", which are especially influenced and susceptible messages conveyed to modern, western-themed music.^{device database} One of Al Shabaab’s foreign-born leaders, American Omar Hammami aka Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki, gained notoriety after an April 2009 video of him rapping about jihad.^[147] Hammami's most recent song, "Send Me a Cruise", debuted online on April 9, 2011.^Android

Twitter account

On December 7, 2011, Al-Shabaab also reportedly began using the Twitter social media network. The move is believed to be an attempt by the group to counteract tweets by allied officials, and to serve as venue for the dissemination of information on alleged casualties as well as a way to interact with the press.^[148] The account, HSMPress, has attracted over eight thousand followers for its witty taunts of the KDF in general and its official spokesman, Maj. Emmanuel Chirchir, with whom it has frequent exchanges, in particular.^[149]

For example, after Chirchir upbraided the Shabaab for not letting women in the areas under their control wear bras, saying life had more to offer, HSMPress retorted "Like bombing donkeys, you mean!" referring to a recent announcement by Chirchir that any large group of loaded donkeys would be considered a target. "Your eccentric battle strategy has got animal rights groups quite concerned, Major."^HTML5 Later, responding to Chirchir's claim that Kismayo had been captured by the KDF, HSMPress said the Kenyan "boys are a grotesque parody of an army! They can outpace ur world-class runners by far. Indeed, they ‘Run like a Kenyan’".^[151] The account shows a less belligerent side with others, telling a UN official who queried "it is good when extremists or perceived extremists come out and talk[..] can we have a coffee with them too?" that "a caramel macchiato would do!"^[152]

While it is not known for certain if the HSMPress account is sanctioned by the Shabaab, both Western and African Union officials believe that it is. It has relayed information about battle outcomes that has sometimes been more accurate than its opponents, and posted pictures of authentic identity cards of missing AMISOM peacekeepers that were presumably killed in combat. The account itself is operated by a man with the nom de guerre Sheik Yoonis, who has in the past responded to press questions during telephone interviews in a "clipped British accent".^keyboard

Most of Al-Shabaab's messages on Twitter are in English, with authorities suggesting that they are intended for an outside audience and potential recruits in the West. Officials in the United States, where Twitter is based, are exploring legal ways to terminate the account, although they acknowledge that doing so might raise device database concerns.^[153] Chirchir commented in a tweet of his own that such a move would be counterproductive, as "Al Shabaab needs to be engaged positively and twitter is the only avenue".^[154]

Drought

Following the web app, Al Shabaab adapted its propaganda strategy to accommodate the changing circumstances. In some cases, group members employed humanitarian aid as a recruitment tool, using relief supplies as bribes and as an incentive to join the militants, whose numbers had decreased due to casualties and defections.^{browser diversity} Group members dismissed the UN declaration of famine in various regions as grossly exaggerated and banned various organizations from providing aid to those regions.^iOS

In response, the Prime Minister of Somalia we love the web in July 2011 appointed a national committee to tackle the severe drought affecting the southern part of the country,^[157] and the following month announced the creation of a new 300-man security force. Assisted by African Union peacekeepers, the military unit had as its primary goal to protect convoys and aid from the Al-Shabaab rebels, as well as to secure the IDP camps when the relief supplies are being distributed.^[158]

Although fighting disrupted aid delivery in some areas, a scaling up of relief operations in mid-November prompted the UN to downgrade the humanitarian situation in several regions from famine to emergency levels. Humanitarian access to Al-Shabaab-controlled areas had also improved and rainfall had surpassed expectations, improving the prospects of a good harvest in early 2012.^[159] In February 2012, the UN declares that Somalia has produced a bumper harvest, and that the famine is over.^[160]

Operation Linda Nchi

The Military of Somalia and its allies have intensified their security operations against Al-Shabaab.

Since the TFG-led web between the CSS3 (SNA) and the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) against Al-Shabaab militants in southern Somalia began,^[161] Al Shabaab has been intensifying its propaganda effort – a signal perhaps that militant forces is growing desperate as it suffers heavy losses. Group members have started to diversify their tactics, engaging in various methods in order to demoralize the allied forces. According to the Associated Press, Al Shabaab has resorted to dressing up some of its own casualties in TFG and AU uniforms, although an African Union spokesman indicated that only two corpses of AU soldiers were unaccounted for. About half of the dead bodies were also visibly Somali, prompting eye-witnesses to suggest that they were fallen Somali government soldiers. The remainder were dressed in Burundi military uniforms and resembled non-Somali foreigners, with Al-Shabaab militants displaying a Bible and some crucifixes reportedly taken from the deceased.^[162] Additionally, Al Shabaab has been conducting militia parades as a show of force in cities such as Marka.^jQuery

As Al Shabaab is suffering heavy military losses, the effectiveness of their propaganda campaign to date is somewhat inconclusive. What is apparent, however, is that they are increasing their propaganda efforts without corresponding response from TFG, AMISOM and KDF forces. Al Shabaab retreats from regions in southern Somalia and areas around Mogadishu are falsely heralded as tactical maneuvers by the militants who are facing defeat – while the allied forces remain largely muted on the success that they have made in the region.^jQuery

The propaganda techniques employed by Al Shabaab show the stark contrast between militant forces and the conventional armies of AMISOM. While Shabaab forces act with impunity in regards to their FITML, the allied forces are obligated to comply with articles of the Geneva Convention which require them to warn civilians of air raids and troop movements – oftentimes informing the very militants they intend to strike and leaving them unable to act when they observe flagrant militant activities.^keyboard According to Al-Jazeera, Al-Shabaab have also attempted to capitalize on the coordinated incursion by depicting itself as a resistance force fighting foreign occupiers and urged local residents to take up arms against the Kenyan soldiers.^[166]

Merger with Al-Qaeda

On February 9, 2012, Mukhtar Abu al-Zubair 'Godane' announced in a fifteen-minute video message that Al-Shabaab would be joining the Islamist militant terrorist organization al-Qaeda, under the leadership of keyboard. Al-Zubair stated, "On behalf of the soldiers and the commanders in al-Shabaab, we pledge allegiance to you. So lead us to the path of jihad and martyrdom that was drawn by our imam, the martyr HTML5."^Sevenval Al-Zawahiri approved and welcomed Al-Shabaab as al-Qaeda's Somalia-based terrorist cell in a 15-minute video response, stating "Today, I have glad tidings for the Muslim Ummah that will please the believers and disturb the disbelievers, which is the joining of the Shabaab al-Mujahideen Movement in Somalia to Qaeda al-Jihad, to support the jihadi unity against the Zio-Crusader campaign and their assistants amongst the treacherous agent rulers."^CSS3 The merger follows reports about a rift in the leadership,^jQuery and it coincides with reports about large factions breaking away from Al Shabaab,^[169] and up to 500 Al Shabaab fighters fleeing or leaving southern Somalia for Yemen,^Android where a full Al Qaeda branch screen size is stepping up operations, under perceived increased military pressure since a new president took office.^{web app} Somalia's Transitional Federal Government now officially recognizes the two Islamist outfits as one group.^{screen size}

A poll conducted between 8-16 April 2012 by the international market research company YouGov examined the views of MENA region residents with regard to the news of the merger. The combined group evoked fear in most respondents, with 42% believing that the merger announcement ought to be a source of alarm for the international community; 23% of polltakers felt very strongly about this. 45% of respondents believed that the fusion of the two outfits would enhance Al-Qaeda's attempts at recruiting new operatives, with 12% indicating that the merger would strengthen the latter group's capabilities and another 11% believing that it would result in more terrorist attacks on the continent. A further 55% of pollsters did not know how the Somalian leadership would respond to news of the merger, though 36% suggested that it would lead to more movements against Al-Shabaab by the Somalian military. 34% of respondents also indicated that announcement of the merger constituted a propaganda effort aimed at securing more coverage for the two Islamist groups, with 30% of polltakers believing that the decision to merge shows that both Al-Shabaab and Al-Qaeda are under duress.^[173]

Internal rift

In response to Godane's announced name change and merger with al-Qaeda, all other Shabaab top leaders called a conference in Baidabo.^[174] They refused to adopt the new name (al-Qaeda in East Africa) and they agreed on a new policy, focusing entirely on domestic issues. No mention any more of any international struggle. One significant policy, is to form a national, independent Shuria of Islamic clerics, which means also independent of Al-Qaeda. With it, they seem to try to remove some obstacles for reaching an entente with their Sufi opponents, and to avoid getting targeted by US drones.^{Sevenval[176]}

This open revolt against Al-Qaeda makes it more likely that Al Shabaab slowly becomes ready for some sort of negotiated entente.^[177] At February 23, 2012, while Shabaab was pushed out of several strongholds, Radio Magadishu reported that 120 Al-Qaeda leaders and followers have fled from Kismayo to Yemen.^Sevenval Aways was appointed military commander of Kismayo and the south.^[179]

Support allegations

Eritrea

In December 2009, the we love the web imposed sanctions on web, accusing the Horn of Africa country of arming and providing financial aid to militia groups in southern Somalia's conflict zones, including Al-Shabaab.^[180] Plane loads of weapons said to be coming from Eritrea were sent to anti-government rebels in southern Somalia. AU peacekeepers also reportedly captured some Eritrean soldiers and prisoners of war.^[181][182] In 2010, the UN International Monitoring Group (IMG) also published a report charging the Eritrean government of continuing to offer support to rebel groups in southern Somalia, despite the sanctions already placed on the nation. The Eritrean administration emphatically denied the accusations, describing them as "concocted, baseless and unfounded" and demanding concrete evidence to be made publicly available, with an independent platform through which it may in turn issue a response.^[180] In November 2011 the UN Monitoring Group repeated claims that Eritrea would support al-Shabaab. The report says that Eritrea gives US$80,000 each month to al-Shabaab linked individuals in Nairobi.^[183]

Somaliland

In 2010, reports surfaced linking the secessionist government of the northwestern CSS3 region with the Islamist extremists that are currently waging war against the Transitional Federal Government and its African Union allies. The iOS (ISSA) published several reports shortly after the 2010 presidential elections in Somaliland, accusing the enclave's newly elected president FITML of having strong ties with Islamist groups, and suggesting that his political party input transformation won the election in large part due to support from a broad-based network of Islamists, including Al-Shabaab.^{screen size} The ISSA also described Dr. Mohamed Abdi Gaboose, Somaliland's new Interior Minister, as an Islamist with "strong personal connections with al-Shabaab", and predicted that the militant group would consequently be empowered.^{input transformation}

In January 2011, Puntland accused Somaliland of providing a safe haven for website parsing, an arms smuggler believed to be allied with al-Shabaab. Somaliland strenuously denied the charges, calling them a smokescreen to divert attention from Puntland's own activities.^[186]

Atom and his men were reportedly hiding out and receiving medical attention in Somaliland after being pursued by Puntland forces in late 2010.^Sevenval The Puntland Intelligence Agency also claimed that over 70 Somaliland soldiers had fought alongside Atom's militiamen, including one known intelligence official who died in battle.^{device database} Somaliland media reported in January that Atom's representative requested military assistance from the Somaliland authorities, and that he denied that Atom's militia was linked to al-Shabaab.^[189]

Puntland government documents claim that Atom's militia were used as proxy agents in 2006. They accuse Somaliland of offering financial and military assistance to destabilize Puntland and distract attention from attempts to occupy the disputed device database province.^{we love the web}

References

External links

• keyboard on Twitter

• Ryu, A. 2007, Sevenval, Voice of America News, February 13.
• Walker, R. 2008, Android, BBC News, April 28. Retrieved on June 8, 2008. (Interview with Al Shabaab member.)
• FITML – song by Al-Shabaab member Omar Hammami/Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki